 (FROM THE US NAVAL OBSERVATORY) |
|
Office1000 For all of your office supply needs. |
|
|
Morpheus: Let me tell you why you're here. You're here because you know something. What you know you can't explain, but you feel it. You've felt it your entire life, that there's something wrong with the world. You don't know what it is, but it's there, like a splinter in your mind, driving you mad.
We now have a Blog!
Subject: Unified Theory of The Universe
Zhang Chengbin++
Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box
2706, Beijing,P.R.China
Dear Sir:
I am a Ph.D of Chinese Academy, I write a Paper "The Unified
Theory of The Universe" four years ago. Certainly there are very
few people who can understand it. After long time thinking, I
write this essay, I think that every one who has a bachelor
degree of sciences can understand this essay.
The main results of The Unified Theory of the Universe are:
1. The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; The
system of the Moon-earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes;
The solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave
tubes; The Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by
wave tubes; The Local Group is connected with the even large
structures of the Universe by wave tubes etc.. The directions of
these wave tubes are the same as the axial rotational axes of the
Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. The wave
tubes of the earth locate in upper of North Pole and South Pole
of the earth.
2. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of
galaxies etc. are just the same kinds of heavenly bodies. There
exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moon, the earth, the
Sun, the stars, the galaxies etc., these nuclear reactions
produce waves continuously, and these waves are changed into the
wave tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the
galaxies etc.. So these heavenly bodies are just wave sources.
The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of the
galaxies etc. shine and are very bright like the present Sun in
their early evolutionary stages; These heavenly bodies all will
have hard shells just like the present earth and the Moon of the
earth in their final evolutionary stages; The future of all these
heavenly bodies are: explosions.
3. The nuclear reactions in inner core of the Moon, the
earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies etc. are Tokamak nuclear
reactions. There exist high - temperature plasmas in these
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions, These high temperature plasmas
are torus shape and will rotate when these nuclear reactions work
(some scientists may say that the high temperature plasmas in
some present Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my
answers are: The high temperature plasmas in Tokamak nuclear
reactors must rotate if we want these Tokamak nuclear reactors
work steadily and continuously). These rotations of high
temperature plasmas will enable whole heavenly bodies (which
including hard shells of these heavenly bodies) rotate and
produce magnetic field just like the magnetic field of the earth;
these nuclear reactions produce gravitational forces at same
time. In this way, I have already explained the great problems:
The origin of the axial rotations, magnetic field and
gravitational force of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars,
the galaxies etc..
Present theory always assumes that there exist primitive
rotations of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the
galaxies etc.. These kinds of explanations do not have firm
experimental and theoretical basis. Present Dynamo model which
describes the origin of the magnetic field of the earth, the Sun,
the galaxies etc. assumes that there exist high - temperature
liquid in inner core of the earth, the Sun, the galaxies etc.,
which rotate about the rotational axes of these heavenly bodies.
But my questions are: Who push these high - temperature liquid rotate?
4. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth,
so I can simply explain the most important theories of the
geophysics: The floating continent theory of Alfred Wegener and
plate tectonics theory. The temperature of nuclear reactions in
inner core of the earth are very high, so there exist a high -
temperature liquid layer between the nuclear reactions of the
earth and out hard shells of the earth, so the whole hard shells
of the earth or continents of the earth float above the high -
temperature liquid layer of the earth. In this way, I have
already explained these two important theories. According to the
Unified Theory of the Universe: the floating continent periods
appear in early evolutionary stages of the earth when the
continents of the earth are thin. The plate tectonics periods
appear in late evolutionary stages of the earth when the
continents of the earth are very thicker. In the same way, I have
explained the phenomena of volcanoes, the earthquakes, and the
deep earthquakes.
5. Geologists find that the innercore of the earth rotates
faster than out shells of the earth; The seismic waves
experiments reveal that there exist light element in inner core
of the earth; The seismic waves travel faster along the north
pole and south pole direction of the earth than along the
direction which is perpendicular to the north pole and south pole
direction of the earth; The Seismic Waves experiments reveal that
the innermost core of the earth are solid state matters.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, there
exist high - temperature plasmas in these Tokamak nuclear
reactions, these high - temperature plasmas are torus shape and
will rotate when nuclear reactions of the earth work. These
rotation of high - temperature plasmas of the earth will enable
the whole earth rotate, this rotation is the axial - rotation of
the earth. Because the axial rotation of the earth are driven by
inner core high - temperature plasmas rotation of the earth, so
the inner core of the earth rotate faster than out shells of the
earth; These high - temperature plasmas of the earth are made up
of hydrogen, so there exist light elements in inner core of the
earth; Because the high-temperature plasmas of the earth are
torus shape, so the innermost core of the earth are solid state
matters, but these core solid state matters do not exist alone,
they are connected with the continents of North pole and South
pole of the earth, in other words, the continents of the earth
penetrate through the center of the earth, and north pole and
south pole continents of the earth are connected with each other
through center of the earth, so the seismic waves travel faster
along the north pole and south pole direction than along the
direction which are perpendicular to the direction of north pole
and south pole of the earth.
6. There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Jupiter
and the Saturn, so I can explain the phenomena why the Jupiter
and the Saturn radiate more energy to the outside than that they
absorb from the Sun. These radiation of the Jupiter and the
Saturn come from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Jupiter
and the Saturn.
7. The futures of all heavenly bodies are: explosions. So I
can directly explain the phenomena of the Mini - Planets rings in
2.8 AU of the solar system and the Saturn's rings. The Mini -
Planets rings in 2.8 AU of the solar system are remnants of an
exploded planet; The Saturn's rings are the remnants of an
exploded Moon of the Saturn.
8. There exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and South
Pole of the planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the
galaxies etc.. So I can explain the important phenomena of aurora
of these heavenly bodies. It is well known that there exist
aurora in north pole and south pole of the earth, the Jupiter,
the Saturn etc., there exist cylindrical light in north pole and
south pole of some Quasars which are perpendicular to the
rotational plane of these Quasars.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these aurora
and cylindrical light of these heavenly bodies are lighted parts
of wave tubes of these heavenly bodies.
9. There exist wave tubes in upper of north pole and south
pole of the planets, the Moons of planets, the stars, the
galaxies etc., because the effects of these wave tubes, I can
explain why the temperature of north pole and south pole of the
earth are lower than that of equators of the earth. In the same
way, I can explain why there exist ice caps in north pole and
south pole of the Mars, why there may exist ice in north pole and
south pole of the Moon of the earth and the Mercury; why the
temperature of north pole and south pole of the Sun are lower
than that of equators of the Sun.
10. Professor Halton Arp (Max Planck Institut fur
Astrophysik) finds that some heavenly bodies such as galaxies,
hydrogen clouds, Quasars etc. of the universe are aligned along
axes. These phenomena have not been explained for almost forty
years. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these
heavenly bodies are connected with one another by wave tubes.
11. The astronomers find that there exist a lot of Dark
Matters in the universe. At present, there have no reasonable
explanations for these Dark Matters. According to the Unified
Theory of the Universe: The planets, the Moons of the planets,
the stars, the galaxies etc. will have hard shells just like the
present earth and the Moon in their final evolutionary stages. We
can not detect these heavenly bodies which have hard shells even
by Ultra - Infrared Telescopes. These heavenly bodies are the
present Dark Matters. We can detect these heavenly bodies when
they explode at the end of their evolution.
12. According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the age
of the earth is not greater than 10,000 years old.
13. There exist high - temperature plasmas in Tokamak nuclear
reactors, these high - temperature plasmas will rotate when
Tokamak nuclear reactors work. The waves which produced by
Tokamak nuclear reactions, will change into the wave tubes of the
Tokamak nuclear reactors, these wave tubes are perpendicular to
the high - temperature plasmas rotational plane of the Tokamak
nuclear reactors. When two Tokamak nuclear reactors are aligned
along a line, they will attract each other when their rotational
direction of wave tubes are the same; they will repel each other
when their rotational direction of wave tubes are opposite.
There exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of the
planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc..
The interactions between a Tokamak nuclear reactor and a heavenly
body such as the planets, the Moons of the planets, the stars,
the galaxies etc. are the same as the interactions between two
Tokamak nuclear reactors. So we can fly much faster than speed of
the light in inner of these wave tubes which exist in the
universe. Our future spaceships will be powered by the Tokamak
nuclear reactors.
14. There exist all kinds of living things in the solar
system and in the Universe, some are super than us; some are
lower than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true.
15. There are two very important phenomena about the
spaceships of the UFOs: These spaceships of the UFOs shine and
are very bright just like the Sun; they always rotate slowly.
From above two phenomena, I am determined that the spaceships
of UFOs are powered by the Tokamak nuclear reactors. Because
Tokamak nuclear reactors will shine and be very bright just like
the Sun, and will rotate when Tokamak nuclear reactors work in the sky.
16. In theory, because I have already unified the whole
universe in waves, so I have to make some changes in Quantum
Mechanics and in gravitational theory: I change the strings
(closed strings) of the superstring theory of Quantum Mechanics
into wave tubes and add a new idea - wave sources to the
superstring theory of Quantum Mechanics, the wave tubes are
determined by wave sources. So the basic particles of the
universe have been described by systems of wave tubes and wave
sources; In gravitational theory: The planets, the Moons of the
planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. have already been described
by systems of the wave tubes and wave sources. So the universe
are the same in large scale and in small scale, the whole
universe have been unified altogether.
17. It takes almost one hundred years for us to accept
Nicolaus Copernicus's new ideals, which state that it is the Sun
not the earth that is the center of the universe, I know very
well that it is even difficult for people to accept my ideals.
But I have already come to the conclusions: My New Theory - The
Unified Theory of the Universe will be accepted by people of our
earth in 1999£¡
18. 507 years have passed since Christopher Columbus has
arrived at the America from the Europe in 1492. We human beings
will cross mega - empty space and go to every where of the Milky
Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡
Thanks£¡
God blessing you£¡
Zhang Chengbin
May, 1999.
The Unified Theory of the Universe
Zhang Chengbin
Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, P.O.Box 2706, Beijing 100080, P.R.China
Abstract
In this paper, I simply introduce my new theory - the Unified
Theory of the Universe: I unify the whole universe in waves.
Through some changes of the Superstring Theory of Quantum
Mechanics and Gravitational Theory, I have already Unified these
two theories altogether. The most important results of the
Unified Theory of the Universe are: (1) The Moon is connected
with the earth by wave tubes; the system of the Moon - earth is
connected with the Sun by wave tubes; the solar system is
connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way
Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes; the Local
Group is connected with the even large structures of the Universe
by wave tubes etc.. The direction of these wave tubes are the
same as the axial rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the
Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., (2) The Moon, the earth, the Sun,
the stars, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are the same kinds
of heavenly bodies, there exist nuclear reactions in inner core
of these heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactions can produce
waves continuously and these waves are changed into the wave
tubes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies
etc.. These heavenly bodies shine and are very bright just like
the Sun in their early evolutionary stages, they all will have
hard shells just like the present earth and Moon of the earth in
their late evolutionary stages; The future of all these heavenly
bodies are: explosions. (3) We can fly much faster than speed of
light in inner of these wave tubes, which exist in the universe;
these future spaceships will be powered by Tokamak nuclear
reactors. (4) There exist all kinds of living things in the
universe, some are super than us, some are lower than us, they
have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true. (5) We
human beings will cross mega - empty space and go to everywhere
of the Milky Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡
1. Preface
It is almost four years when I come to the main conclusions
of the Unified Theory of the Universe in June 1995. From then, I
read some books and magazines, and write some notes. Some time
ago, I meet a friend, Dr. Yue Xiaoming, he advises me to write a
book. But I think that it will need almost a year to prepare a
book, so I write this essay.
Three main results of the Unified Theory of the Universe are:
(1) The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; the
system of the Moon - earth is connected with the Sun by wave
tubes; the Solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by
wave tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local
Group by wave tubes; the Local Group is connected with the even
large structures of the universe by wave tubes etc.. The
directions of these wave tubes are the same as the axial
rotational axes of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way
Galaxy etc.. The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner
core of the galaxies etc. are same kinds of heavenly bodies,
there exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of these
heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactions produce waves
continuously and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of
the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Galaxies etc.. The
origin and evolution of these heavenly bodies are the same; all
these heavenly bodies will explode at the end of their evolution.
(2) We can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of
these wave tubes, these kinds of the spaceships will be powered
by Tokamak nuclear reactors; (3) There exist all kinds of living
things in the universe, some are super than us, others are lower
than us, they have already come to our earth, so the UFOs are
true, the UFO spaceships are powered by Tokamak nuclear reactors.
In this essay, I select following topics, which the readers
are interested in to discuss: The Gravitational Theory; the
Astronomy and Astrophysics; the Geophysics; and the extra earth
living things. I specialized in Engineering Thermophysics,
certainly, I am very familiar with this subject, I will not
discuss it because readers may not be familiar with it; I will
not discuss the mathematics, because Mathematics are very
abstract; I will not discuss the Unified Theory of the Universe
also, because this theory includes some mathematics; for some
special reasons, I will not discuss the subjects of Quantum
Mechanics, the chemistry, the biochemistry, the biology etc..
Except for part 1, I describe how I come to the Unified Theory of
the Universe in Part 2; I describe the two new ideals I add to
the modern physics in Part 3; In Part4, I discuss the Unified
Theory of the Universe and its relation to the Quantum Mechanics
and Gravitational Theory, through some changes of the Superstring
Theory of the Quantum Mechanics and the Gravitational Theory, I
have already Unified these two theories altogether; In Part 5, I
describe the new results of the Unified Theory of the Universe;
In Part 6, I discuss in detail the Gravitational Theory, I point
out the important limitations of Sir Isaac Newton's universal law
of the gravitation and Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and
General Relativity in describing the origin and evolution of the
solar system and the whole universe; In Part 7, I discuss the
origin and evolution of the stars and the galaxies, I simply
explain the phenomena of origin and evolution of axial rotation,
magnetic field, gravitational force of stars and galaxies; In
Part 8, I discuss the origin and evolution of the solar system, I
explain simply the origin and evolution of the axial rotation,
magnetic field, gravitational force of the planets, the Moons of
the planets, the Sun of the solar system, I explain the floating
continent theory and plate tectonics theory, and explain the
phenomena of earthquakes, deep earthquakes, volcanoes, Mini -
planets Rings, the Saturn's Rings etc.; In Part 9, I explain why
there exist wave tubes in upper of north pole and south pole of
the planets, the Moons of the planets, the Sun, the stars, the
galaxies etc.; In Part 10, I discuss Professor Halton Arp's
problems which describe that some heavenly bodies such as
galaxies, hydrogen clouds, Quasars etc. in the universe are
aligned along axes, I give a simple and direct explanation; In
Part 11, I discuss the flight in the universe, my conclusions
are: We can fly much faster than speed of the light in inner of
the wave tubes which exist in the universe, these future
spaceships will be powere
bang cosmological model of the universe and Black Holes, my
conclusions are: there do not exist Black Holes in the universe,
and the hot - big - bang cosmological models are not true; In
Part 13, I discuss the age of the earth, my conclusions are: the
age of the earth is not great than 10,000 years old; In Part
14,15, I discuss the extraearth living things and future of human
beings, I have already come to the conclusions that: there exist
all kinds of living things in the solar system and in the
universe, we human beings will cross mega - empty space and go to
everywhere of the Milky Way Galaxy in 20 years£¡
2. How do I come to the Unified Theory of the Universe.
In history of sciences, there exist a very interesting
controversy about the nature of light. In seventeenth century,
Christian Huygens (1627-1695) thinks that the nature of light is
waves. In his book ¡¶Treatise on light¡·, Christian Huygens
explains why light travels in straight line and explains the
phenomena of reflection and refraction of the light by assuming
the nature of light is waves. But Sir Isaac Newton is not agree
with Christian Huygens, he thinks that the light is made up of
very small particles, i,e., he thinks that the nature of the
light is particles. Sir Isaac Newton thinks that there exist some
difficulties to explain why light travels in straight line and
why a body can form shadows in light by assuming the nature of
the light is waves. The particle-like properties of the light
dominated in the eighteenth century. In early of nineteenth
century, Thomas Young (1773-1829) and Augustin Jean Fresnel
(1788-1827) discovered the phenomena of the interference and
diffraction of the light by experiments, these phenomena can not
be explained by assuming the nature of the light is particles,
after work of a lot of scientists, the wave-like properties of
the light are accepted in the nineteenth century. But in early of
twentieth century, the situations have changed. There exist great
difficulties to explain the heat radiation of black bodies by
assuming the nature of light is waves. Max Planck has explained
the phenomenon of the heat radiation of the black bodies
successfully by assuming that the nature of the light is
particles, or Quanta. Albert Einstein uses the Max Planck's new
ideals explain the photoelectric effects successfully. The
phenomena of the photoelectric effects are difficult problems for
wave-like properties of the light also. At this time, the light
has particle-like properties also. Now, the physicists meet great
difficulties in explaining the nature of the light, because
wave-like properties and particle-like properties of the light
both have firm experimental results basis. Final
ming the light have wave-particle duality.
In 1925, in his dissertation, the duke of Louis de Broglie
made a hypothesis that if the light have wave-particle duality,
the electrons will have wave-particle duality also. This is the
famous matters waves hypothesis, and this hypothesis has been
confirmed by experimental results in two years. The protons,
neutrons, and other basic particles of the universe have been
found that they have wave-particle duality thereafter.
On the basis of matters waves hypothesis, W. Heisenberg
proposes the Matrix Mechanics, E. Schrodinger presents the Wave
Mechanics, E. Schrodinger proves that these two theories are
equivalent, this is the beginning of the Quantum Mechanics.
Some scientists are not satisfied with that the protons, the
neutrons, the electrons and other basic particles of the universe
have wave-particle duality, they think that this is not true in
real world, and they believe that there should have a more basic
properties, and some scientists think that the wave-like
properties are the more basic properties, the particle-like
properties are collective appears of a lot of waves, i.e., they
think particles of the universe are wave packets. But a lot of
scientists reject the ideal of wave packets, they think that wave
packets will spread out if wave packets are made up of different
frequency waves, because different frequency waves travel with
different speed in a media. So the wave packets which are made up
of different frequency waves are not stable. But in real life,
the protons, electrons, neutrons and other basic particles of the
universe are stable.
Now, if we do not consider the difficulties of the wave
packets, and suppose that protons, electrons, neutrons and other
basic particles of the universe are wave packets, then all
matters of the universe which are made up of these basic
particles can only be the big wave packets; then actions among
these matters can only be wave actions; so the actions among
solid, liquid, gas of the matters can only be wave actions; then
all actions between solid and gas of the matters are wave
actions, this is the conclusion I obtained in Fluid Mechanics in
June 1995.
In June 1995, after long time experimental works, I suddenly
come to the conclusions that: all actions between solid and gas
of the matters are wave actions, then I analysis a lot of
experimental results and come to the conclusions that: all
actions between solid and liquid of the matters, all actions
between liquid and gas of the matters are wave actions; so all
actions among solid, liquid, gas of the matters are wave actions;
and soon I come to the conclusions: all actions of the universe
are wave actions. Now, what are the universe made up of? The
answer can only be: the universe is made up of the waves. So the
matters of the universe are wave packets; so the protons,
electrons, neutrons and other basic particles of the universe are
wave packets. I add two new ideals to the modern physics, so I
have already overcome the difficult problems of the wave packet
hypothesis.
I unify the whole universe in waves, in theory: I unify the whole
universe in mathematics and unify all mathematics in Topology.
3. I add two new ideals to the modern physics
(1). Waves can have stable shape and stable structure.
(2). There exist wave sources in the universe, these wave sources
can produce waves continuously and these waves can be changed
into stable shape and stable structure waves.
4. The Unified Theory of the Universe and the Quantum
Mechanics, the Gravitational Theory.
4.1. The Quantum Mechanics.
I will not discuss the Quantum Mechanics in detail just as I
have already described in preface, I only give a simple introduction.
There exist four kinds of forces in the nature, they are:
gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, weak interaction
force and strong interaction force. The Gravitational force is
described by Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of the gravitation
and Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relatively;
the other three kinds of forces are described by Quantum Mechanics.
The Quantum Mechanics theory which describes the weak
interaction force and electromagnetic force are the standard
model of electroweak interactions;
The Quantum Mechanics theory which describes the strong
interaction force is standard quark model and QCD.
Some scientists are not satisfied with present situation that
the different forces are described by different theories, they
think that there should exist a unified theory, which can
describe all four kinds of forces of the nature. They work hard
for these goals; their hard-working results are included in
following four theories:
Grand Unified Theory; Supersymmetry Theory;
Supergravity Theory; and Superstring Theory.
The Superstring Theory have been regarded as that can
describe all four kinds of forces of the nature, i.e., the
gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the weak
interaction force, the strong interaction force. The scientists
who study the Superstring Theory think that they will soon
success in unifying the whole universe, so the Superstring Theory
are being called TOE, i.e., The Theory of the Everything.
The Superstring Theory is very similar to the Unified Theory
of the Universe. Now I simply introduce its main ideals: The
Superstring Theory thinks that: The basic particles of the
universe are different kinds of strings, like figure 4-1(a), the
different frequency strings represent different basic particles
of the universe. The actions of basic particles of the universe
are: combination and separation of strings.
The Superstring Theory has two kinds of strings in its early
development: The open strings and the closed strings, but now
only closed strings are left. Some scientists develop a heterotic
string theory, but now the M-string theory (or Magic string
Theory) is most popular. The most famous scientists who study the
Superstring Theory are: Professor John Schwarz of California
University of Technology, Professor Edward Witten of Princeton
University. The most of the scientists who study the Superstring
Theory are above 40 years old in the world, this enable them be
very pride, because it is said that people who are above 35 years
are regarded as not suitable for studying the important theory of
the sciences. The explanation for this phenomena can only be
that: God use a different law at this time, he wants to select
the man who are forty years old or above as the main actors in
this great opera of unifying the whole universe.
But I think that these scientists are too confident in their
ability. Now there exist great difficulties in studying the
Superstring Theory, there are no results even they use every
branch of the mathematics. But I think that most difficult
problems in studying of Superstring Theory are how to explain the
origin and the nature of the strings; what are origin and the
nature of the strings? Why do strings have different frequency?
Who determine the string's different frequency? Can strings have
some change or evolution? etc..Now progress of the Superstring
Theory are very slow; but a lot of scientists who study the
Superstring Theory are eager to get the Black Holes and radiation
of the Black Holes which do not exist in the nature from the
Superstring Theory, so there will be no results.
I unify the whole universe in waves, so I have to make some
changes in the Super string Theory, I change the strings (closed
strings) of Supersting Theory into the wave tubes, and add a new
ideal - wave sources to the Superstring Theory, these wave
sources can produce waves continuously and these waves can be
changed into the wave tubes. So the wave tubes are determined by
wave sources, when wave sources are exhausted, the waves will
spread out and wave tubes will disappear, like figure 4-1(b). The
actions among matters of the universe are combination and
separation of these wave tubes, and these actions are described
by Topology, a pure geometry.
4.2. Gravitational Theory
In Gravitational Theory, I have already come to the following
important conclusions:
The Moon is connected with the earth by wave tubes; the
system of the Moon-earth is connected with the Sun by wave tubes;
the solar system is connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave
tubes; the Milky Way Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by
wave tubes; the Local Group is connected with the even large
structure of the universe by wave tubes etc.. The directions of
these wave tubes are the same as that of axial rotational axes of
the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Milky Way Galaxy etc.. Figure
4-2 describes the connection graph of the Moon, the earth, the
Sun of the solar system.
The wave tubes of the earth locate in upper of North Pole and
South Pole of the earth.
The Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the inner core of
galaxies etc. are just the same, there exist nuclear reactions in
inner core of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the
galaxies, these nuclear reactions can produce waves continuously,
and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the Moon, the
earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies. The Moon, the earth, the
Sun, the stars, the galaxies are just wave sources. The Sun and
the stars will have hard shells late just like the present Moon
and the earth, the Moon and the earth shine like the Sun in their
early evolutionary stages. The futures of all these marvelous
heavenly bodies are: explosions.
Now I can answer the questions of Huygens and Leibniz in Sir
Isaac Newton's time, what are nature and origin of the
gravitation? Why is gravitation a force at a distance? My answers
are: The nature and origin of the gravitation are waves;
gravitation is not a force at a distance, the heavenly bodies act
with each other through wave tubes.
In his theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein predicts that
there exist gravitational waves in the universe, but nobody has
found it, now I tell you where to detect these gravitational
waves, they locate in upper of the north pole and south pole of
the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the Milky Way Galaxy
etc., they can be detected very easily.
4.3.Conclusions
Through changes of the Quantum Mechanics and Gravitational
Theory, the basic particles in Quantum Mechanics have been
described as system of wave tubes and wave sources like figure
4-1(b); the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the stars, the galaxies
etc. have been described as system of wave tubes and wave sources
also. It is very obviously that the universe is the same in large
scale and in small scale. The system of waves tubes and wave
sources can evolve with the time, the actions of these heavenly
bodies are the combination and separation of these wave tubes,
and these actions are being described by Topology, certainly the
Topology need changes too.
Now, the Quantum Mechanics and the Gravitational Theory are the
same; the universe is the same in large scale and in small scale.
So the whole universe have been unified altogether.
5. The other important results of the Unified Theory of the Universe.
(1). We human being can fly much faster than speed of the
light in inner of these wave tubes which exist in the universe.
(2). There exist all kinds of living things in the universe,
some are super than us, others are lower than us, they have
already come to our earth, so the UFOs are true.
(3). If people from other planets want to come to our earth, the
only way they can come are along the wave tubes, because they
have to use the energy of the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the
stars, the Milky Way Galaxy etc., in other words, they can only
come to our earth from north pole and south pole of the earth.
So, if you want to meet them, you know where to meet them now!
6. On the Gravitational Theory.
6.1 The history and present states of the Gravitational Theory.
Ancient peoples especially ancient Egyptian and Babylonian
think that the universe is a big box, the ground is the bottom of
this great box; but ancient Greek have special opinions about the
universe.
Thales of Miletus (625BC-547BC) thinks that the ground is a
disc floating above the surface of the water; Anaximander
(610BC-545BC) thinks that the ground is a cylinder; Anaximenes
thinks that the ground is flatted shape and float in the air; the
Pythagorean think that the nature of the universe are numbers,
the numbers exist before the universe, they think that the
spheres are the most beautiful shape in all the space shapes in
the universe and the circles are the most beautiful shape in
planner geometry. So they think that all heavenly bodies such as
the Moon, the earth, the Sun, the Mercury, the Venus, the Mars,
the Jupiter, the Saturn, the stars etc. are spheres and all these
heavenly bodies move around the earth in circular orbits.
Philolaus of the Pythagorean thinks that the earth and all other
heavenly bodies move around a center fire of the universe in
circular orbits. The Pythagorean also have the ideals of the
axial rotation of the earth. The Plato (428BC-348BC) uses the
concentric sphere theory to describe the universe; and this
theory evolves into the crystalline sphere theory in hands of the
Aristotle (384BC-322BC).
The astronomer Aristarchus(310BC-230BC)proposes a new
theory¡ªthe heliocentric system, in this heliocentric system: The
earth rotates about its own axis a circle in a day from west to
east; the earth move around the Sun in a circular orbit once a
year; the Mercury, the Venus, the Mars, the Jupiter, the Saturn
all move around the Sun in circular orbit; the stars are far away
from us, and are static in the universe, their distance are much
greater than the distance between the earth and the Sun. The
Greek people do not accept the Aristarchus's heliocentric system
for some special reasons. Apollonius(262BC-190BC)proposes a new
theory which use the deferent and epicycle to explain the
apparent motion of the planets in the sky, and this theory has
been developed into a strict Geocentric System by the astronomer
Ptolemy(100AC-170AC),in his great book ¡¶Almagest¡·, Ptolemy
describes the Geocentric System carefully:(1) the earth is in the
center of the universe and static;(2) the planets, the Moon, the
Sun move around the earth in deferent and epicycle; (3) all the
stars are in the spheres of stars and the spheres of stars move
around the earth a circle in a day from east to west; (4) The
Sun, the Moon, the planets will move around the earth a circle in
a day just like that of spheres of stars besides above motions.
The Ptolemy's system is very accurate with the observational
results of his time. But the numbers of the deferent and epicycle
become more and more when the observational accuracy become high
and high; and ptolemy's system becomes more and more complex. It
is said that the number of the deferent and epicycle increases
even to eighty at a time. So more and move people become
unsatisfied with the Ptolemy's system.
In 1514, a church official of Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus
proposed a much simple model of the universe, in his system: he
thinks that it is the Sun not the earth that is the center of the
universe; the Mercury, the earth, the Venus, the Mars, the
Jupiter, the Saturn all move around the Sun in circular orbits;
The Moon moves around the earth in circular orbit besides moving
around the Sun with the earth; the earth rotates about its owner
axis once a day; and the stars are far away from the earth and
static. This system is the famous heliocentric theory of Nicolaus
Copernicus.
The European people do not accept Nicolaus Copernicus's new
ideals at this time. Some people are afraid that the earth will
fall apart if the earth moves. Other people reject this theory
due to their religion. And some people reject this theory and
they said that if the earth has the axial rotation, when we jump
up, the earth will move a distance, so we should not fall down at
same place that we jump up, but in real life, we fall down
exactly the same place where we jump up.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) is the greatest astronomical observer
at this time. He does not accept Copernicus's heliocentric system
although he thinks that this new system of the universe is
simpler than Ptolemy's Geocentric System. His important
observational materials are left to the John Kepler. John Kepler
studied these observational materials carefully and come to the
three famous laws, i.e., the Kepler's three laws of the planet motions:
(1) The planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbit, and
the Sun is at one foci of the elliptical orbit.
(2) A line connecting the planet and the Sun will sweep equal
areas in equal time as the planets moves about its orbit.
(3) The square of the period of the revolution of a planet is
proportional to the cube of its distance from the Sun.
At this time, the Copernicus's heliocentric system has won
the final victory. It is said that John Kepler is not satisfied
with the elliptical orbits, because the elliptical orbits are not
beautiful than the circular orbits. He has thought the force,
which enable the planets move around the Sun also, finally, he
thinks that it is magnetic forces that enable the planets move
around the Sun.
A lot of European scientists concern the forces, which enable
the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits. Christian
Huygens, Robert Hooke, Sir Christopher Wren etc. have already
known that this force is inversely proportional to the square of
distance between two bodies. Although there exist some
controversy about First Rights of invention of the universal law
of the gravitation, it is Sir Isaac Newton who solves the problem
completely. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his great book
¡¶Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy and System of the
World¡·, in this book, Sir Isaac Newton announced his universal
law of the gravitation for the first time. The universal law of
the gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton is direct and simple, it
says: Every material particle in the universe attracts every
other material particle with a force that is proportional to the
product of the masses of the two particles, and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centers,
the force is directed along a line joining their centers.
Sir Isaac Newton proves that this force which is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between two bodies
will enable the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits,
and directly deduce the Kepler's three famous laws of the planet
motion. He also explains simply the phenomena of precession and
tide of ocean; he announces that the shape of the earth will be a
oblate spheroid because actions of gravitation, the experimental
results prove that he is right; move over, other scientists
successfully predict the come back of comet Halley by using his
universal law of the gravitation. Some scientists use the
perturbation theory, which base on the universal law of the
gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton, successfully predict the
existence and position of the Neptune by calculating the orbit of
the Uranus and directly lead to the finding of the Neptune, this
is the greatest victory of Sir Isaac Newton's universal law of
the gravitation.
Because so successful of the Sir Isaac Newton's universal law
of the gravitation, it is only after 240 years late that some
people can make some modifications to this theory. At early
twentieth century, there happen a crisis in physics, this crisis
is caused by the Michelson-Morley's famous experiments, their
experiments want to prove the existence of the ether, but all
their efforts fail. These experimental results lead to that
Albert Einstein presents his Special Relativity in 1905, Albert
Einstein explains the Michelson-Morley's experimental results
successfully by his Special Relativity.
Special Relativity includes following two principles:
(1) The principle of Relativity: The laws of the physics are
the same in all frames of reference moving at constant velocity
with respect to one another;
(2) The speed of light in free space has the same value for
all inertial observers.
Albert Einstein tries to find a new gravitational theory
which can replace Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the
Gravitation after he finishes his Special Relativity, he
successfully comes to the General Relativity in 1915 after a few
unsuccessfully efforts.
Albert Einstein deduces the Gravitational Field Equation¡ªor
Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation through assuming
gravitational force and inertial force are equivalent.
Albert Einstein uses the new ideals in his General
Relativity, i.e., the gravitational force are the results of the
curved space-time metric. And curvature of the space-time metric
is determined by matter distribution in the space-time.
The right terms of the Einstein's Gravitational Field
Equation are matter distribution Tensors, the left terms are
space-time metric Tensors. The main ideals of Einstein's
Gravitational Field Equation are: curvature of space-time metric
is determined by matter distribution in space-time, a free-moving
particle will move along the geodesics of the space-time.
The results of The General Relativity and Sir Isaac Newton's
Universal law of the Gravitation are same when matters move at
low speed comparing to speed of light. The results are different
when matters move at speed that near to the speed of the light,
or matters move near to strong gravitational fields. Albert
Einstein successfully predicts the precession of the Mercury;
that the light will move along the geodesics of the space-time
metric is the most important results of the General Relativity,
so light will bend a little when it travels near to the Sun, and
this prediction has been confirmed by experimental results in
1919, this is the greatest victory of Albert Einstein's General
Relativity.
We get the expanding universe when we use Albert Einstein's
General Relativity to describe the Universe; we get the Black
Holes when we use Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and
General Relativity to describe the origin and evolution of the
stars, these phenomena will be discussed late.
At present time, there are two Gravitational Theories; Sir
Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation; the Albert
Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity.
6.2 The important limitations of present gravitational theory
in describing the solar system and the whole universe.
Now, if we want to describe the solar system, we must
consider following factors in the solar system: The Sun, the
planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system all have
masses; these heavenly bodies have axial rotation, magnetic
field; some heavenly bodies have revolutions; the speed and
direction of axial rotation of these heavenly bodies are
different; the intensity of magnetic field of these heavenly
bodies are different too; the solar system is a disc shape:
Although the spacecraft Ulysses can fly around the Sun in a
elliptical orbit which is almost perpendicular to the rotational
plane of the solar system, except for mini-planets and comets, no
other heavenly bodies in the solar system can move like that of
spacecraft Ulysses. According to the Unified Theory of the
Universe: there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun,
the planets, the Moons of the planets in Solar system. Finally we
must consider that there exist living things in the earth.
If we want to describe the whole universe we must consider
following factors: all galaxies in the universe have masses; the
spiral galaxies of the universe have axial rotation, magnetic
field; the speed and direction of the axial rotation of spiral
galaxies are different; the intensity of magnetic fields of these
spiral galaxies are different too. All spiral galaxies of the
universe are disc shape, brightness of different heavenly bodies
of the universe are different. According to the Unified Theory of
the Universe: there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the
galaxies. Some galaxies of the universe eject materials along
their rotational axes; there exist all kinds of hydrogen clouds
in the universe; certainly, there exist a lot of stars which are
similar to the solar system. The living things, which are not
important factors in the solar system, should be the most
important factors in the universe. That we have not come to the
boundary of the universe are important factors too.
Now let us examine present Gravitational Theories, and
examine what factors are considered by them.
6.2.1 Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation.
If we carefully examine the Universal Law of the Gravitation
of Sir Isaac Newton, we will find that: In this pretty law, the
most important factors considered are that: Masses of heavenly
bodies and distance between heavenly bodies. If we use this law
to describe the solar system, the following important factors are
not considered by the Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir
Isaac Newton: axial rotation, direction of axial rotation and
magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets.
Because historical reasons, this law does not consider that there
exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets,
the Moons of the planets of the solar system. So it is not
completeness to use the Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the
Gravitation to describe the solar system.
When Sir Isaac Newton announces his Universal Law of the
Gravitation, Christian Huygens and Wilhelm Leibniz of the
continent ask two questions: what are origin and the nature of
the gravitation? Why is gravitation a force at a distance? Sir
Isaac Newton can not answer these two questions, but the methods,
which he solves these questions are very interesting. He said
that the origin and the nature of the gravitation should left to
our children to answer, he does not think that the gravitational
force is a force at a distance, but he can not explain the
reasons for this. Sir Isaac Newton certainly can not explain the
origin and evolution of the solar system. For example, when asked
where initial speed of the planets which enables the planets move
around the Sun come from? He answers that the planets are first
pushed by God. In eighteenth century, some scientists find that
the Jupiter and the Saturn do not move around the Sun in
calculated elliptical orbit. It seems that they want to escape
from the Sun. So some scientists are afraid that the solar system
may fall apart if these kinds of things often happen. Sir Isaac
Newton's answers enable these scientists satisfy, he said that
the God would push these heavenly bodies which want to escape
from the Sun back to their orbits.
The Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton can
not explain why the planets move around the Sun in same
direction, because that the planets move around the Sun in
opposite direction can also satisfy the Universal Law of the
Gravitation. If the planets move around the Sun like that of
spacecraft Ulysses, they can satisfy the Universal Law of the
Gravitation also, but in real world, except for mini-planets and
comets, no planets can move around the Sun like that of
spacecraft Ulysses. The Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir
Isaac Newton can not explain the origin and evolution of axial
rotation, direction of axial rotation, magnetic field of the
heavenly bodies in the solar system. Due to historical reasons,
Sir Isaac Newton can not consider that there exist nuclear
reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the
planets; this theory does not consider that there exist living
things in the solar system. For the same reasons, there exist
very few astronomic observational materials of the universe at
the Sir Isaac Newton's time, so it is impossible for the
Universal Law of the Gravitation of Sir Isaac Newton to explain
different kinds of astronomical phenomena of the whole universe.
In conclusions, there exist a lot of phenomena in the solar
system and in the universe which can not be explained by Sir
Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation. Move over,
although Universal Law of the Gravitation is very simply, it is
very difficult to solve it when we consider three bodies problems
or above, this is a great limitation for this theory.
6.2.2 Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity
Space and time are just coordinates and references in
research history of the physics, Albert Einstein changes this
situation, space and time have become the goal of physical
research, and this violates the tradition of the physics. In
history, scientists study the matters, which exist in real world.
So Albert Einstein's new ideals are rejected by a lot of
scientists and philosophers. Due to this reason, Albert Einstein
does not win the Nobel Prize because his Theory of Relativity. In
facts, at present time, there are still some scientists who
reject these ideals. I think that Albert Einstein makes the study
of physics be difficult by using the concept of space-time, he
can also express his ideals of Special Relativity and General
Relativity if he does not use the concept of space-time. I guess
that Albert Einstein thinks that there exist some special
structures in the universe except the heavenly bodies, but he
does not have firm experimental results to support his ideals. I
can only make such a guess because I have not read the whole
papers of Albert Einstein. I think that there must exist some
secrets in Albert Einstein's brain which have not been announced,
these kinds of things often happen in great scientists such as
Gauss and Dirac, these scientists are often afraid of laughs of
other people. Now, we must give up the concept of space-time, and
come back to tradition of the physical research, i.e., we only
study the objects which exist in real world, space and time will
come back to their original position: just coordinates and references.
Albert Einstein thinks that the fastest speed of the universe
is the speed of the light in vacuum. According to the Special
Relativity, when a body is being accelerated, the speed of this
body is more near to speed of the light, the force which we
accelerate this body will become larger and larger. When speed of
this body is near to the speed of the light, the force, which we
accelerate this body will become unlimitedly great. In facts, we
can not accelerate a low speed body to the speed of the light.
When asked why the light has the speed of the light, Albert
Einstein says that the speed of the light is the intrinsic speed
of the light, the light has such a high speed because the static
mass of the photons are zero. But there exist some difficulties
in this kind of explanations: If the light has the intrinsic
speed of the light, why other matters of the universe can not
have two times, ten times intrinsic speed of the light; the light
with static mass is zero can have the speed of the light, why
other matters with static masses are zero can not have two times,
ten times speed of the light. Albert Einstein thinks that the
speed of the light is a special speed in the universe or a
selected speed in the universe, I think that this hypothesis has
no firm logic basis. According to the Unified Theory of the
Universe: the speed of the light is just an ordinary speed in the
universe, there exist a lot of matters in the universe, which can
move much faster than speed of the light.
The most important part of the General Relativity is Albert
Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation. Among the main factors
which determine the curvature of the space-time metric, Albert
Einstein considers only the matters distribution in space-time,
this ideal come from the popular ideals of his time, i.e.,
matters produce gravitational force. Some western scientists may
not agree with me, they think that, according to the Special
Relativity of Albert Einstein, E=M¡¤C¡¤C, the energy and matters
are equivalent. So, it is the distribution of matters and energy
that determine the curvature of space-time metric. But if we
examine the equation E=M¡¤C¡¤C from kinetic motion view, this
equation represent a kind of kinetic energy, i.e., a body has a
great energy if it moves at speed of light. I do not of think
that this simple equation which can determine that the energy and
matters are equivalent. Certainly, my explanation may not be
accepted by most of the scientists. Some scientists think that
Albert Einstein predicts that there exist great energy in nuclear
reactions by using this equation, but this opinion is false, the
atomic nuclear reactions are developed through a different line,
there are no relations between Albert Einstein's Special
Relativity, General Relativity and atomic nuclear reactions. Even
now, I do not think that it is correct to explain the great
energy released from the nuclear reactions by this equation.
According to present explanation, the distribution of the matters
and energy in space determine the curvature of the space-time
metric, that mean that the energy will produce gravitational
force, this is a very new ideal.
Although there exist different opinions about the Albert
Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation, now let us examine the
solar system by this equation: there are a lot of factors are not
considered by Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation:
i.e., axial rotation, direction of axial rotation, magnetic field
of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the Solar
system; there exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun,
the planets, the Moons of the planets. Some scientists may think
that nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies can
be considered through the energy terms in Albert Einstein's
Gravitational Field Equation, but I do not think that the energy
and nuclear reactions are same things. According to the Unified
Theory of the Universe: only nuclear reactions can produce
gravitational force, the energy can not produce the gravitational
force. There exist living things in the solar system, Albert
Einstein has not considered this factor in his equation. There
are such many factors, which are important in the solar system,
but Albert Einstein does not consider them in his Gravitational
Field Equation, so it is not completeness to use the Albert
Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation to describe the solar system.
If we use Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation to
describe the whole universe: axial rotation of spiral galaxies,
direction of axial rotation of spiral galaxies, origin of disc
shape of galaxies, magnetic field of the galaxies, inner core
nuclear reactions of the galaxies etc. are not considered in
Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation. Besides, the
living things, which may not be important in the solar system,
are the most important factors in the universe, and these
important factors are not considered in Albert Einstein's
equation. So Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation can
not describe the whole universe completely.
In facts, Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation just
is a kinetic motion Equation. So it can not explain the origin
and evolution of the solar system and the whole universe. Meaning
of Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation are: if you
give out distribution of matters in space, and give out initial
and boundary conditions of the universe, he can calculate the
curvature of the space-time metric, or, gravitational field; If a
free moving particle move into this gravitational field with a
known initial conditions, he can calculate the orbit of this
free-moving particle. Albert Einstein does not concern why
matters of the universe distribute like these. So Albert Einstein
does not consider the origin and evolution of the solar system
and the whole universe, this opinion can be confirmed by that
Albert Einstein thinks that the universe are static and no change
and exist forever.
Albert Einstein uses the concepts of fields to describe the
solar system and the whole universe. There exist some
difficulties. The solar system and the whole universe are kinds
of structures, not fields, these structures are not randomly
formed or distributed, these structures are for some goals and
for finishing some tasks. So we can not use the concepts of the
fields to describe the solar system and the whole universe.
It is very difficult to solve the Albert Einstein's
Gravitational Field Equation. This equation almost has no
solutions except for very special cases. Because some limits of
our observational ability, we can not determine the distribution
of the matters of the whole universe. It is impossible to
determine the initial condition of the universe too. So it is
very inconvenient to use this kind of equation to describe the
solar system and the whole universe, and a theory, which
describes the whole universe, should have solutions.
6.3. Conclusions
Because present theories of gravitation can not describe the
solar system and the whole universe completely, so we need new
gravitational theories.
7. On the origin and the evolution of stars and galaxies
7.1. The present model of the origin and the evolution of stars.
According to present models of the origin and the evolution
of the stars: stars originate from primitive hydrogen clouds.
These primitive hydrogen clouds consist of mainly hydrogen and
very little part of helium. Due to the attractions of
gravitational force, primitive clouds will concenter to a center
area; the temperature and pressure of this center area will
increase with increasing of matters of these centers. If there
exist enough hydrogen, the central temperature will increase to
the temperature which will start the hydrogen nuclear reactions,
at this time, center of the hydrogen clouds begin nuclear
reactions. The energy from these nuclear reactions will heat the
hydrogen clouds and enable the temperature and pressure of
hydrogen clouds increase, finally, the inner core pressure and
gravitational force of the hydrogen cloud balance, then a new
star is born.
Balance of inner core pressure and gravitational force of
stars determine the evolution of stars. When the inner core
nuclear reactions of the stars are mainly hydrogen fusion, the
stars are in main-squence periods, the stars are called
main-squence stars, the stars spend most of their time in this
period. When hydrogen of stars is fewer, and other elements
nuclear reactions dominant in inner cores nuclear reactions of
the stars, the stars evolve into Red Giants. When stars evolve
farther a step, the Red Giants will loss matters, the less
massive stars will evolve into the white dwarfs, and large
massive stars will evolve into the neutron stars or Black Holes.
Stars evolve into such dense stars as the white dwarfs, the
neutron stars, the Black Holes, because, in final evolutionary
stages of the stars, the scale of the inner core nuclear
reactions of the stars become small and small, so the temperature
and pressure of the inner core of the stars decrease, the inner
core pressure of the stars can not balance the gravitational
force of the stars, and these lead to the disasters of
gravitational collapse, then the stars evolve into the dense
stars such as the white dwarfs,the neutron stars,the Black Holes.
Certainly, the neutron stars, the Black Holes are not accepted by
every scientist at the present time.
Stars have to satisfy the balance of the inner core pressure
and gravitational force of the stars, so the stars can not be too
small, the gravitational force of stars can not press the
hydrogen clouds hot enough to ignite the hydrogen clouds nuclear
reactions if the stars are too small; stars can not be too large
also, if stars are too large, their inner core pressure will be
so high that the gravitational force of the stars can not balance
them, so the upper matters of the stars will be pushed into the
space by these high inner core pressure of the stars. At present
time, the limitations of the mass of the stars are from 0.08
times mass of the Sun to 90 times mass of the Sun.
7.2. Present model of origin and evolution of galaxies.
At present, the original and evolutionary model of the
galaxies is not very smart. The most important model is
hot-big-bang-cosmological model of the universe. This model of
the universe assumes that: the whole universe evolves into
present state from a big explosion of a point, which the volume
is limitlessly small and the temperature is limitlessly high.
After explosion of this point, the temperature of the universe
decrease and the volume of the universe increase with evolution
of the universe. At beginning, the whole universe is homogeneous.
Then because fluctuations of matter density of the universe, some
matters of the universe begin to gather together and form the
superclusters, clusters of galaxies, galaxies etc..Because some
special reasons, some matters of the universe obtain the momentum
and evolve into the spiral galaxies; other matters of the
universe do not obtain the momentum and evolve into the
elliptical galaxies. The inner hydrogen clouds of the galaxies
evolve into the stars.
The evolution of galaxies is closely related to evolution of
stars in the galaxies. When these stars of galaxies are young,
the galaxies are in their early stages of evolution; when stars
of the galaxies evolve into the white dwarfs, the neutron stars,
the Black holes, the galaxies evolve into their final stages of
evolution, and galaxies begin to go to death. The galaxies evolve
farther a step, the galaxies will evolve into collects of a lot
of Black Holes or a super Black Hole.
According to the present theory: The Black Holes will radiate
energy to the outside, and protons will decay too, so the
collects of Black Holes or super Black Holes of the final stage
galaxies will evaporate and disappear completely in the end.
7.3 The limitations of present models of origin and evolution
of the stars and galaxies.
It is very difficult for present model of stars and galaxies
to explain the origin and evolution of axial rotation and
magnetic fields of the stars and galaxies. They often assume that
the primitive hydrogen clouds have initial rotation, but where do
these initial rotations come from? They always use dynamo models
to describe the origin of the magnetic fields of the stars and
galaxies; there exist high-temperature liquid in this dynamo
model, which rotate about the axial rotational axes of the stars
and galaxies. But my questions are: Who push these high
temperature liquid rotate?
Present theory of stars and galaxies thinks that matters
produce the gravitational force. But according to the Unified
Theory of the Universe: Only nuclear reactions can produce
gravitational force, matters can not produce gravitational force.
Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider that the
magnetic force is also very important in origin and evolution of
the stars and galaxies.
Present models of galaxies do not consider that there exist
huge nuclear reactions in inner core of galaxies.
Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider that the
stars and galaxies are not isolated heavenly bodies in the
universe, the stars are connected with the other stars, and all
stars are connected with the galaxies; the galaxies are connected
with the other galaxies, and these galaxies form the clusters of
galaxies etc..
Present models of stars and galaxies do not consider the
importance of axial rotational direction of stars and the galaxies.
Present original and evolutionary models of the stars and
galaxies consider only gravitational force; it is impossible for
us to explain the different kinds of phenomena of the universe by
only considering this force. In facts, there exist a lot of
hydrogen clouds in the universe; some hydrogen clouds are very
larger. If we only consider the gravitational force, these
hydrogen clouds will evolve into the galaxies and stars at once,
but in facts, these hydrogen clouds are static and have existed
for a long time and will exist for more a long time.
Present cosmological models assume that the structures of the
universe originate from fluctuations of matter density
distribution of the universe. It seems that the universe
originates randomly, we can not accept these kinds of hypothesis.
In real world, all structures of the universe are for some goals,
they originate from a pre-determined program, they exist for some
special tasks of the universe, and it is obviously that they do
not originate randomly.
So, present models of the origin and evolution of stars and
galaxies have important limitations.
7.4 The Unified Theory of the Universe and origin and
evolution of the stars and galaxies.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: only nuclear
reactions can produce gravitational force, so there will be no
mass limitations for stars any more. In facts the stars, the
planets, the moons of the planets, the inner core of the galaxies
etc. are the same kinds of heavenly bodies, all these heavenly
bodies originate from the primitive hydrogen clouds. There exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of these heavenly
bodies, see figure 7-1. These Tokamak nuclear reactions are
different in sizes, but their working mechanisms are just the
same. After starting to work, these nuclear reactions will work
continuously until the nuclear reactional materials are
exhausted. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of
Tokamak nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas are
torus shape and will rotate when these Tokamak nuclear reactions
work (some scientists may say that the high-temperature plasmas
of some present Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my
answers are: The high-temperature plasmas of these Tokamak
nuclear reactions must rotate if we want them to work steadily
and continuously). These rotations of high-temperature plasmas
will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate, and will produce
magnetic field like that of the earth, and these nuclear
reactions will produce gravitational force also. In this way, I
have already explained the origin of the axial rotation, magnetic
field, and gravitational force of these heavenly bodies such as
the Sun, the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the
galaxies etc..
The evolution of the Sun, the stars, the planets, the moons
of the planets, the inner core of the galaxies etc. are just the
same, because all of them are Tokamak kind nuclear reactions. At
the beginning, they will shine and are very bright like the Sun,
the stars; when nuclear reactions are continuously going on,
these nuclear reactions will produce nuclear reactional products
continuously, these nuclear reactional products have to be
ejected into the outside of the Tokamak nuclear reactions, these
nuclear reactional products will gather around these Tokamak
nuclear reactors because the gravitational force which produce by
Tokamak nuclear reactions. At beginning, these nuclear reactional
products will exist around the Tokamak nuclear reactions in
high-temperature gas state; but when the nuclear reactional
products become more and more, these nuclear reactional products
will exist in high-temperature liquid state around the Tokamak
nuclear reactions; with continuous evolution of these Tokamak
nuclear reactions, the scale of these nuclear reactions will
become small and small, and the nuclear reactional products
become more and more, then the nuclear reactional products will
exist around the nuclear reactions in a solid state. At this
evolutionary stage, all these heavenly bodies will have hard
shells in outside of their nuclear reactions; they do not shine
any more like that of the earth and the Moon. In these stages,
the ordinary telescopes can not detect these heavenly bodies,
only infrared and Ultra-Infrared Telescopes can detect them
because they are hot. These heavenly bodies evolve a farther
step, the scale of inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly
bodies become small and small; the hard shells of these heavenly
bodies become thicker and thicker; magnetic field of these
heavenly bodies become weaker and weaker; the axial rotational
speed of these heavenly bodies become slower and slower; The
temperature of these heavenly bodies become lower and lower, even
Infrared Telescopes can not detect them
these heavenly bodies will stop because all the nuclear
reactional materials are exhausted, the axial rotation, the
magnetic field, the gravitational force of these heavenly bodies
will disappear at the same time, the waves which gather in the
inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread outside and these
will cause great explosions like that of great hydrogen bombs and
these explosions end the evolution of these heavenly bodies.
The evolution of the galaxies is the same. The great Tokamak
kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the galaxies will produce
axial rotation, magnetic field, and the gravitational force of
the galaxies. The peripheral hydrogen clouds of the galaxies will
evolve into all kinds of massive stars; these stars are connected
with the galaxies by wave tubes (These will be discussed late).
The stars and inner core of the galaxies will evolve at the same
time. At beginning, they all shine and are bright like the Sun,
at this evolutionary stage, the whole galaxies are bright and can
be detected by ordinary astronomic telescopes. With continuously
nuclear reactions of the inner core of the galaxies and stars of
the galaxies, the nuclear reactional products become more and
more. Stars of galaxies and inner core of the galaxies will have
hard outside shells around their Tokamak kind nuclear reactions
at different time. Because size of Tokamak nuclear reactions of
stars of galaxies and inner core of the galaxies are different,
the small stars will evolve faster than massive stars, so the
small stars will have hard shells first. At this evolutionary
stage, the peripheral area of discs of the galaxies will become
darken first; with farther evolution, the darken areas of the
galaxies will spread toward the center of the galaxies from
peripheral area of the galaxies. These galaxies evolve farther a
step, only center part of the galaxies are bright, all the
peripheral part of the discs of the galaxies are darkened, at
this time, the whole galaxies look like stars. These galaxies
evolve farther a step, even center nuclear reactions of galaxies
have hard shells, whole galaxies are darkened at this time, and
the galaxies are hot, so we can detect them by infrared
telescopes. With farther evolution, the scale of inner core
nuclear reactions of the galaxies become small and small, the
hard shells of the inner core nuclear reactions of the galaxies
become thicker and thicker, the axial rotation of the galaxies
become slower and slow
gravitational force of the galaxies become small and small, the
whole galaxies become cool, we can not detect them even by
Infrared Telescope. The galaxies evolve farther a step, the final
stage come, the peripheral stars of the galaxies begin to
explode: explosions of stars of galaxies begin from the
peripheral at first; then these explosive waves will spread
toward the center of the galaxies. Then at an evolutionary stage,
all stars of the galaxies explode, only big inner core nuclear
reactions of the galaxies left. At this stage of evolution of
galaxies, we can detect these explosions by ordinary astronomic
telescopes. These galaxies evolve farther a step, the inner core
nuclear reactions of the galaxies stop because the nuclear
reactional materials are exhausted, the great waves which gather
in inner core of the galaxies will spread outside, and these
cause great great explosions like a huge hydrogen bomb and these
explosions end the evolution of the galaxies. We can detect these
kinds of explosions by ordinary astronomic telescopes.
7.5 On origin and evolution of axial rotation of the Moons of
planets, the planets, stars, the inner core of the galaxies etc..
There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of
the Moons of the planets, planets, the stars, the galaxies, like
figure 7-1. There exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds
of Tokamak nuclear reactions. These high-temperature plasmas will
continuously rotate when the nuclear reactions continue to work.
These high-temperature plasmas rotation will enable the whole
heavenly bodies rotate, certainly, the rotational speed of the
Tokamak nuclear reactions and outside hard-shells of heavenly
bodies are different and these rotation are the axial rotation of
these heavenly bodies. So the axial rotation of the Moons of
planets, planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. originate from
their inner core nuclear reactions.
Because scale of nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies
will become small and small, and the hard shells of these
heavenly bodies will become thicker and thicker. So the axial
rotational speed of these heavenly bodies will become slower and
slower with evolution.
7.6 On origin and evolution of magnetic field of the Moons of
planets, the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc.
There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of
the Moons of planets, the planets, the stars, the galaxies, like
figure 7-1. There exist high-Temperature plasmas in inner of
these kinds of Tokamak nuclear reactions, these high-Temperature
plasmas are torus shape and will rotate continuously when nuclear
reactions continue to work, these high-temperature plasmas
rotations will produce magnetic field like that of the earth. So
magnetic field of the Moons, the planets, the stars, the galaxies
etc. originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these
heavenly bodies.
Because the scale of nuclear reactions of all these heavenly
bodies will become small and small with evolution of these
heavenly bodies, so the magnetic fields of these heavenly bodies
will become weaker and weaker with evolution of these heavenly bodies.
7.7 On no existence of the white dwarfs, the neutron stars,
the Black Holes.
Present theory of stars assumes that: when scale of nuclear
reactions in inner core of stars become small and small, the
inner core pressure of these stars become lower and lower, and
these inner core pressure of stars can not balance the
gravitational force of the stars, and so these will lead to the
disasters of gravitational collapse, and stars then evolve into
such dense stars as the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, and the
Black Holes.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: Only nuclear
reactions can produce gravitational force. When scale of nuclear
reactions in inner core of the stars become small and small, the
gravitational force of these stars become weaker and weaker too.
There can not happen such things as the disasters of
gravitational collapse. Matters, which gathered together, can not
produce gravitational force. So there can not exist such dense
stars as the white dwarfs, the neutron stars, and Black Holes in
the universe.
7.8 On black spiral arms of the spiral galaxies.
Physical Professor GreGory D.Bothun (University of Oregon,
USA) published a paper ¡°The Ghostliest Galaxies¡± in Scientific
American (February 1997). In this paper, Professor Bothun
discusses the problems, which concern the black arms of the
spiral galaxies. Figure 7-2 comes from this paper.
From figure 7-2, we can find that: the left galaxy is an
ordinary spiral galaxy; the middle galaxy's spiral arm begins to
black; the right galaxy's spiral arm are dark completely, we may
regard these kinds of galaxies as stars by mistake. There exist a
lot of these kinds of galaxies in the universe.
At present, some scientists think that these kinds of
galaxies are in their early evolutionary stages.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The
galaxies, which are in their early evolutionary stages, are very
bright. These kinds of dark arm galaxies are in their final
evolutionary stages. When galaxies evolve, the stars of
peripheral disc of the galaxies will evolve into a stage which
these stars will have hard shells in outside of their inner core
nuclear reactions at first, so the stars of the peripheral disc
of the galaxies will become dark first; then these dark areas
will spread toward the center of the galaxies from the peripheral
of the galaxies; finally, even center parts of the galaxies
become dark, at this evolutionary stage, the whole galaxies are
dark, we can not detect these kind of galaxies by ordinary
telescopes, only Infrared Telescopes can detect them. When these
galaxies evolve farther a step, the whole galaxies become cool,
we can not detect them even by Infrared Telescopes. The final
evolutionary stages of these galaxies are: The stars of
peripheral discs of the galaxies begin to explode, these
explosive waves will spread toward the center part of the
galaxies from peripheral part of galaxies. The center Tokamak
nuclear reactions of the galaxies will have great great explosion
when nuclear reactional materials are exhausted and these end the
evolution of the galaxies.
7.9 On the Dark Matters of the universe.
According to present observations and calculation, there
exist a lot of heavenly bodies in the universe, which can not be
detected by ordinary astronomical telescopes. These matters are
being called Dark Matters of the universe.
At present, there do not exist any smart explanations for
existence of these Dark matters of the universe.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The stars,
galaxies etc.will have hard shells in their late evolutionary
stages. At these stages, they can not be detected by ordinary
astronomic Telescopes, only Infrared Telescopes or Ultra Infrared
Telescopes can detect them. At last evolutionary stages, even
Infrared telescopes or Ultra Infrared Telescopes can not detect
them because they become cool. These heavenly bodies are Dark
Matters of the universe.
These dark heavenly bodies can be detected when they begin to
explode at the end of their evolution.
8.On the origin and evolution of the solar system.
8.1 The present original and evolutionary models of the solar system.
The Sir Isaac Newton's Universal Law of the Gravitation and
Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and General Relativity
discuss the motions of the matters in the universe; they are not
the sciences which describe the origin and evolution of the solar system.
The first scientist who describes the origin and evolution of
the solar system is French philosopher and mathematician Rene
Descartes (1596-1650), he proposed a vortex model. According to
his vortex model: The primitive solar system are filled with
different kinds of vortices, the matters of the universe which
always move from one place to another place will fall into these
vortices, the biggest vortices become the Sun, and other vortices
form the planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system.
In 1755, German philosopher Immanual Kant (1724-1804)
proposed a primitive cloud model, according to this model: the
solar system originates from a great cloud which consist of
mini-particles, this great cloud will form the Sun, the planets,
the moons of planets of the solar system by the interactions
between attractions force and repulsive force of this great cloud.
In 1796,French mathematician P.S.Laplace (1749-1827)
published his book¡¶System of the Universe¡·. In this book, he
proposed a detailed primitive cloud model to describe the origin
and evolution of the solar system. According to his model: The
solar system originates from a high temperature, spherical shape
cloud which have initial rotational momentum, with decreasing of
the temperature of this gas cloud, the Sun, the planets, the
Moons of the planets of the solar system will form from this gas
cloud through interactions of gravitational force and centrifugal
force of this gas cloud.
At present, there exist a lot of different models, which
describe the origin and evolution of the solar system. But most
important models are these, which assume that the Sun, the
planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system all
originate from the same primitive hydrogen cloud. In these
models: the solar system originates from a great hydrogen cloud,
because the gravitational force of this hydrogen cloud, the
hydrogen cloud will gather to a center. With increasing hydrogen
gas of this center, the temperature and pressure of this center
will increase. If there exist enough hydrogen gas, the
temperature of this center will increase to the temperature which
the hydrogen will start to happen nuclear reactions, the nuclear
reactions of this center will release a lot of energy and these
energy will heat the matters in inner core of this center, so the
temperature and pressure of this center will increase even
higher. Finally, the inner core pressure of this center and the
gravitational force of this hydrogen cloud balance. Then the
hydrogen cloud become stable, then the Sun was born. The left
materials, particles and gas form the planets, the Moons of the
planets of the solar system.
The Sun will be in main-squence period in most of its life;
the Sun evolves a farther step, it will evolves into a Red Giant;
next step, the Sun will loss matters and evolve into a white dwarf.
8.2 The limitations of the present original and evolutionary
models of the solar system.
There exist some difficulties for present original and
evolutionary models to describe the origin and evolution of the
solar system: it is very difficult for present models to explain
the origin and evolution of the axial rotation, the magnetic
field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets of the
solar system. They always assume that primitive hydrogen cloud
has initial rotation, but where do these initial rotations come
from? Present dynamo theory, which describe the origin of the
magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets
of the solar system, assumes that there exist high-temperature
liquid in inner core of these heavenly bodies, which rotate about
axial rotational axes of these heavenly bodies. But my questions
are: who push these high-temperature liquids rotate? Present
model of the solar system do not consider that there exist
nuclear reactions in inner core of the planets, the Moons of the
planets of the solar system; The axial rotational speed and
direction of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets are
different, and are very special, but present models of the solar
system can not give a reasonable explanation to these kinds of
phenomena. The heavenly bodies of the solar system are not
isolated heavenly bodies, they connected with other heavenly
bodies, but present theories do not consider this.
Present theory thinks that the earth is made up of the ice
and rocks and some gas, I think that this kind of the earth can
not enable the living things of the earth happen,
Present theory thinks that it is the matters that produce the
gravitational force, so these models do not consider that the
gravitational force can change with the evolution of these
heavenly bodies.
8.3 The Unified Theory of the Universe and the origin and
evolution of the solar system.
According to the Unified theory of the Universe: The solar
system originates from huge hydrogen clouds. Unlike present
theory, the Unified Theory of the Universe thinks that the origin
and evolution of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets
in the solar system are just the same, although the volume of
these heavenly bodies are different. There exist nuclear
reactions in inner core of all these heavenly bodies. In the
beginning, all these heavenly bodies shine and are very bright
like the Sun; with continuously evolution, the nuclear reactions
in inner core of these heavenly bodies will produce reactional
products continuously, and these reactional products will be
ejected from the nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies,
because gravitational force produced by inner core nuclear
reactions of these heavenly bodies, these nuclear reactional
products will gather around the nuclear reactions of these
heavenly bodies first in a high temperature plasma state. With
continuously evolution, the reactional products become more and
more, the nuclear reactional scales of these heavenly bodies
become small and small, then the reactional products are so much
that they will exist around the nuclear reactions in a
high-temperature liquid state. With farther evolution, the
reactional products become even more, the nuclear reactions in
inner core of these heavenly bodies become even smaller, then
reactional products will exist around the nuclear reactions of
these heavenly bodies in solid state, i.e., the Sun, the planets,
the Moons of the planets will all have hard shells like the
present the earth, the Moon, at this time, these heavenly bodies
do not shine and are not bright any more. These heavenly bodies
evolve farther a step, the nuclear reactional scale in inner core
of these heavenly bodies become small and small; the hard shells
of these heavenly bodies become thicker and thicker; the axial
rotational speed of these heavenly bodies become slower and
slower; the magnetic field and gravitational force of these
tion come, when nuclear reactional materials in inner core of
these heavenly bodies are exhausted, the nuclear reactions in
inner core of these heavenly bodies will stop, then the
gravitational force, the magnetic field, the axial rotation of
these heavenly bodies will disappear at the same time, the waves
which gathered in inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread
outside and these will lead to great explosions just like great
hydrogen bombs, and these explosions will end the evolution of
these heavenly bodies.
There exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of
the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar
system, like figure 7-1. There exist high temperature plasmas in
these kinds of nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas
are torus shape and will rotate when nuclear reactions continue
to work (some scientists may say that the high-temperature
plasmas of some Tokamak nuclear reactors do not rotate, but my
answers are: The high-temperature plasmas of Tokamak nuclear
reactors must rotate if we want these Tokamak nuclear reactors
work steadily and continuously). These high-temperature plasmas
rotation will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate, and will
produce the magnetic field like that of the earth, these nuclear
reactions will produce gravitational force also. In this way, I
have simply explained the origin of the axial rotation, magnetic
field, gravitational force of the Sun, and the planets, the Moons
of the planets in the solar system.
8.4 On the origin and evolution of axial rotation of the Sun,
the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system.
Except for Mini-planets, comets, there exist Tokamak kinds
nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the
Moons of the planets of the solar system like figure 7-1. There
exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of Tokamak nuclear
reactions; these high temperature plasmas will rotate when
nuclear reactions work. These rotation of the high-temperature
plasmas will enable the whole heavenly bodies rotate. Certainly,
rotational speed of inner core nuclear reactions and hard shells
of these heavenly bodies are different. So the axial rotation of
the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in solar system
originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly bodies.
With the evolution, the nuclear reactional scale of the Sun,
the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system will
become small and small; The hard shells of these heavenly bodies
will become thicker and thicker. So the axial rotation of these
heavenly bodies in the solar system will become slower and slower.
8.5 On the origin and evolution of the revolution of the
planets around the Sun, the revolution of the Moons of the
planets around the planets.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the Moons of
the planets are connected with the planets by wave tubes; the
planets are connected with the Sun by wave tubes. Due to the
rotation of these wave tubes, the Moons and the planets have
revolutions. So the revolution of the planets is caused by inner
core nuclear reactions of the Sun; the revolution of the Moons of
the planets is caused by inner core nuclear reactions of the planets.
With evolution, the inner core nuclear reactional scale of
the Sun, the planets will become small and small, so the
revolution of the Moons of the planets, the planets will become
slower and slower.
8.6 On the origin and evolution of the magnetic fields of the
Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system.
Except for Mini-planets and comets, there exist Tokamak kind
nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the
Moons of the planets. There exist high-temperature plasmas in
these kinds of tokamak nuclear reactions; these high temperature
plasmas are torus shape and will rotate when nuclear reactions
continue to work. These rotations of high-temperature plasmas
will produce magnetic field like that of the earth. So the
magnetic field of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets
originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of these heavenly
bodies in the solar system.
With evolution, the nuclear reactional scale of the inner
core of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets will
become small and small. So the magnetic field of these heavenly
bodies will become weaker and weaker.
8.7 On impossibility of the geomagnetic field reversals.
According to the geological records: there happen many
hundred times of the geomagnetic field reversals.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the magnetic
field of the earth is produced by inner core nuclear reactions of
the earth. If there happen the geomagnetic field reversals, the
rotational direction of the earth must be changed. The earth is
connected with the Sun by wave tubes, the solar system is
connected with the Milky Way Galaxy by wave tubes; the Milky Way
Galaxy is connected with the Local Group by wave tubes etc.. If
the rotational direction of the earth change, the rotational
direction of the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy etc. must be
changed too, these kinds of things can not happen in the
universe. So the geomagnetic field can not be reversal. It can
only be rocks which record these geomagnetic field reversals are
reversal many hundred times in history of the earth.
8.8 On the Mini-planets rings between the Mars and the
Jupiter of the solar system.
According to the law of Titius-Bode: There should exist a
planet in 2.8 AU of the solar system. But astronomical
observations show that there does not have a planet, but exist
Mini-planets rings. Some scientists discuss the origin of these
Mini-planets rings, they think that these Mini-planets rings are
remnants of an exploded planet.
According to astronomic observations: the Mini-planets rings
are not made up of the hydrogen clouds.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: When nuclear
reactional materials of heavenly bodies such as the Sun, the
planets, the Moons of the planets etc. are exhausted, the nuclear
reactions in inner core of these heavenly bodies will stop, the
gravitational force, the magnetic field, the axial rotation of
these heavenly bodies will disappear at the same time, the waves
which gathered in inner core of these heavenly bodies will spread
outside and these will lead to great explosions like great
hydrogen bombs. And these explosions will end the evolution of
these heavenly bodies. The hard shells of these heavenly bodies
will break into pieces and left.
It is obvious that the Mini-planets rings at 2.8AU of the
solar system are remnants of an exploded planet.
8.9 On the Saturn's rings
Christian Huygens first observed the Saturn's rings in March
1656. According to the astronomical observations: the Saturn's
rings are not made up of hydrogen clouds. According to the
Unified Theory of the Universe: the Saturn's rings can only be
remnants of an exploded Moon of the Saturn.
8.10 On the Jupiter and the Saturn radiate more energy than
that they absorb from the Sun's radiation.
It is well known that the Jupiter and the Saturn radiate more
energy than that they absorb from the radiation of the Sun, and
spacecraft Galileo of USA confirms these results.
There exist some explanations for these phenomena: some
scientists think that gravitational waves of the Jupiter and the
Saturn cause these radiation.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the planets, the
Moons of the planets etc., all these heavenly bodies radiate
energy to the outside, some heavenly bodies radiate a lot, some
radiate a little.
So radiated energy of the Jupiter and the Saturn come from
their inner core nuclear reactions.
8.11 On the temperature of North Pole and South Pole of the
earth are lower than that of equators of the earth.
There exist Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of
the earth, like figure 7-1, these nuclear reactions produce waves
continuously, and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of
the earth, the direction of these wave tubes are the same as the
axial rotational axis of the earth. Due to the effects of these
north pole-south pole directional wave tubes of the earth, the
temperature of the North Pole and South Pole of the earth are
lower than that of equators of the earth. These kinds of effects
are very ordinary in Fluid Mechanics: for example, the core
temperature of a high swirl fluid is lower than that of outside
of this swirl fluid.
These phenomena should be ordinary in the heavenly bodies
such as the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the planets etc..
From the photos of the Sun taken by SOHO spacecraft and by
Yohkoh spacecraft. It is obviously that the temperature of North
Pole and South Pole of the Sun are lower than that of equators of the Sun.
8.12 On materials ejection of the Sun, the volcanoes of the
planets and the Moons of the planets of the solar system.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The
materials ejection of the Sun, the volcanoes of the planets and
the Moons of the planets of the solar system are same kinds of
phenomena, they are caused by ejecting nuclear reactional
products from the inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun, the
planets, the Moons of the planets of the solar system.
8.13 On there exist lower temperature holes in North Pole and
South Pole of the Sun.
According to the soft x-ray photos taken by Japanese
spaceship Yohkoh, the Sun's polar regions are dominated by large
holes that extend down to a latitude of 60¡ã in north pole and south pole.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist
Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun like the
figure 7-1, these Tokamak nuclear reactions are torus shape. So
there exist lower temperature areas in North Pole and South Pole
of the Sun, and these lower temperature areas cross through the
center of the Sun.
The large lower temperature holes of the Sun are these lower
temperature areas.
8.14 On extrasolar planets.
In 1995, the astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz at
the Geneva observatory have found that there exists planet around
the star except for the Sun in the universe. Then some other
scientists also find some extrasolar planets.
American scientist Alan P.Boss published a paper¡°Extrasolar
Planets¡±in Physics Today(September 1996).
He reviews the progresses in finding the extrasolar planets.
Figure 8-1 comes from his paper.
Figure 8-1 is the photo of star Gliese 229A and its companion
star Gliese 229B; this photo is taken by Hubble Space Telescopes.
Gliese 229B is 44AU from the Gliese 229A; the Mass of the Gliese
229B is 22-55 times that of the Jupiter, the Gliese 229B is the
bright dot in figure 8-1.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: Gliese 229B
is the planet of the star Gliese 229A. Gliese 229B is very
bright, so the Gliese 229B is in its early evolutionary stage, so
Gliese 229B shines like the Sun. It will have a hard shell late
just like the present earth and present Moon of the solar system
in its late evolutionary stages. At this stage, we can not detect
it by ordinary telescopes.
All the stars in the universe are like the Sun, they all have
planets, but most of them can not be detected by ordinary
telescopes because these planets are covered by hard shells just
like present earth and the Moon of the solar system and are very cold.
8.15 On the Theory of Floating Continents and Plate Tectonics
and Evolution of the earth.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: At the
beginning, the earth is a high-temperature plasma sphere, which
shines and is bright like the Sun. With continuously evolution,
the nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth continuously
produce nuclear reactional products, and these reactional
products will be ejected from the innercore nuclear reactions of
the earth, because gravitational force produced by inner core
nuclear reactions of the earth, these reactional products will
gather around the nuclear reactions of the earth first in a
high-temperature plasma state. With farther evolution, the
reactional products of the earth become more and more, the inner
core nuclear reactional scale of the earth become small and
small, because the temperature of the north pole and south pole
of the earth are lower than that of equators of the earth, so
reactional products of the earth will exist around the north pole
and south pole of the earth in a high temperature liquid state
first, at this time, there exist only high-temperature plasma
state reactional products in equators of the earth. These
high-temperature liquid state reactional products in North Pole
and South Pole of the earth move and mix very intensively. The
ejection of the reactional products of the earth concenter in the
low latitude of the earth, these ejection of reactional products
will move to the north pole and south pole of the earth
continuously. Then, there exist so much reactional products in
north pole and south pole of the earth that the upper parts of
these high-temperature liquid in north pole and south pole of the
earth cool down and become the solid state, i.e., first
continents in the earth appear in the north pole and south pole
of the earth. At this time, the equators of the earth exist only
high-temperature liquid state reactional products, and the earth
shine not like a sphere because the north pole and south pole of
the earth does not shine and are not bright any more, certainly,
the outside part of the earth are covered by
e of the earth float above the high-temperature liquid state
reactional products of the earth and are not very stable. These
mini-continents in north pole and south pole of the earth will
move around, some will be melt down again, some will merger with
other continents, some are broken into even small continents,
more new continents will appear because the reactional products
of the earth become more and more. These mini-continents of the
North Pole and South Pole of the earth are shocked, disturbed, by
ejection of the reactional products of the earth. At this time,
the earth is in real floating continent periods. With
continuously evolution, nuclear reactional products of the earth
become more and more, the continents of the earth become large
and large, and these continents spread toward the equators of the
earth from the north pole and south pole of the earth, the liquid
water appear for the first time in the north pole and south pole
of the earth. When high-temperature liquid reactional products in
equators of the earth become small and small, the continents of
the earth become thicker and thicker from equators of the earth
to north pole and south pole of the earth, at this time, the
mini-continents of the earth will gather together and form large
continents or plates, which float above the high temperature
liquid state reactional products of the earth. The time of Plate
Tectonics of the earth come. At this time, ejection of reactional
products of the nuclear reactions of the earth becomes the
volcanoes. These volcanoes are very explosive, because the
continents of the earth are not thicker enough to resist these
volcanoes. Under influence of these volcanoes, the clusters or
plates of the earth collide and compress with each other
intensively, some plates will fall down into the high-temperature
liquid state of the reactional products and be melt down; some
plates will be lift up and form the mountains; some plates will
rotate; some will up side down; some plates may merger with each
other and form large cont
geological actions are often and very active, with mountain-form
movement, the ice will appear for the first time in north pole
and south pole of the earth.
When all surface of the earth are covered by the continents,
the earth will not shine and be bright any more, movement of the
plates of the earth slow down, mountain-building actions slow
down also, the continents of the earth near to the north pole and
south pole of the earth become thicker and thicker. At this time,
the volcanoes are active volcanoes near to equators of the earth;
The volcanoes will die at high latitude of the earth, because the
ejection of the reactional production of the nuclear reactions of
the earth can not melt down and penetrate the hard shells of the
earth any more, the volcanoes of these kinds can only push the
plates of the earth move and produce the earthquakes in
high-latitude of the earth.
With continuously evolution, the inner core nuclear
reactional scale of the earth become small and small; the hard
shells of the earth become thicker and thicker; axial rotation of
the earth become slower and slower; magnetic field of the earth
become weaker and weaker; the gravitational force of the earth
becomes small and small; the atmosphere of the earth become
thinner and thinner. The ejection of reactional products can not
melt and penetrate any part of the hard shell of the earth, and
all the volcanoes die and become the earthquakes, in near the
North Pole and South Pole, the earthquakes become the depth
earthquakes. At this time, the surface of the earth becomes
quiet, plates movement stop.
The earth evolves a farther step, the inner core nuclear
reactions of the earth become smaller and smaller; the hard
shells of the earth become thicker and thicker; all the
earthquakes become the depth earthquakes; axial rotation of the
earth become slower and slower; the magnetic field of the earth
become weaker and weaker; the gravitational force of the earth
become small and small; atmosphere of the earth are very thin;
the ocean of the earth evaporate completely; most part of the
earth become deserts, the snows and ices go back to north pole
and south pole of the earth.
The earth evolves a farther step, the whole surface of the
earth become the deserts; there are only small parts of ice left
in north pole and south pole of the earth, because the
temperature of north pole and south pole of the earth are very
lower; Atmosphere of the earth disappear completely, the earth
will look like the Moon; earthquakes can happen only in deep of
the earth; the earth are old and quiet now, and final time come.
Finally, the nuclear reactional materials of the earth are
exhausted, the nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth stop.
The axial rotation, magnetic field, gravitational force of the
earth disappears at the same time. The waves, which gathered in
inner core of the earth will spread outside and this lead to a
great explosion, like a giant hydrogen bomb, and this explosion
ends the evolution of the earth.
8.16 On evolution of the Sun, the planets, the Moons of the
planets in the solar system.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the Sun, the
planets, the Moons of the planets in the solar system are just
the same, the evolution of these heavenly bodies are the same as
that of the earth.
8.17 On there exist ice in North Pole and South Pole of the
Moon of the earth, the Mercury.
According to recent data from the spacecraft Lunar
Prospector: there exist ice in north pole and south pole of the
Moon, and previously we find that there exist ice in north pole
and south pole of the Mercury, some scientists think that these
ice come from the universe.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: these ice
come from the Moon, the Mercury, not from the universe. These ice
are products of their evolution, these ice can remain there
because the temperature of North Pole and South Pole of the Moon
and the Mercury are very lower.
8.18 On seismic waves travel faster along direction of the
north pole and south pole of the earth than along equators of the earth.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: These exist
Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, these
nuclear reactions are torus shape like figure 7-1. So the north
pole and South pole of the earth can be connected with each other
by hard shells of the earth through centers of the earth, so
seismic waves travel faster along direction of the North pole and
south pole of the earth than along the equators of the earth.
At present, the difference of travelling time are 3%¡«4%, we
need more experimental results to confirm.
8.19 On the Moons of the Jupiter Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
8.19.1 According to the data from spacecraft Galileo in
December 1995: the Moon of the Jupiter Io has intensive volcanoes
and intrinsic magnetic field, gravitational force is stronger
than that of expected.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Io of the
Jupiter as figure 7-1. So the volcanoes and intrinsic magnetic
field of Io originate from the inner core nuclear reactions of
the Io. The gravitational force of Io are stronger than that of
expected because the Io is in its early evolutionary stages, the
inner core nuclear reactions of the Io are relative large, not
because there exist a great Fe core in the Io of the Jupiter.
8.19.2 According to the data from spacecraft Galileo in
December 1995: There exist ice or ocean and intrinsic magnetic
field in the moon of the Jupiter: Europa.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the Europa, so
the intrinsic magnetic field of the Europa originates from its
inner core nuclear reactions. The ice and ocean of the Europa
originate from the Europa, not come from the universe.
8.19.3 The spacecraft Galileo finds that there exist
intrinsic magnetic field, oxygen, and ice in the Moon of the
Jupiter: Ganymede.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of the Ganymede, so the
intrinsic magnetic field of Ganymede originates from the inner
core nuclear reactions of the Ganymede. The oxygen and ice of the
Ganymede originate from the Ganymede, not come from the universe.
8.19.4 the spacecraft Galileo finds that there exists ice,
ocean in the Moon of the Jupiter: Callisto, but the gravitational
force of the Callisto is very small, and there does not exist
magnetic field in the Callisto.
Because the gravitational force of the Callisto is very
small, so some scientists think that the Callisto is made up of
ice and rocks. But according to the Unified Theory of the
Universe: there exist Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner
core of the Callisto, the gravitational force of the Callisto is
small because the Callisto is in its final evolutionary stage,
the scale of its nuclear reactions are relative small. I think
that there exist intrinsic magnetic field in the Callisto, we can
not detect them because the intensity of this magnetic field is
very weaker. It is very obvious that the ice and ocean of the
Callisto originate from the Callisto and not come from the universe.
8.20 On the inner core of the earth rotate faster than the
hard shells of the earth.
The American scientists of Columbia University Xiao-Dong Song
and Paul Richards published a paper in ¡°Nature¡±(July 18,1996).
After Analysising a lot of earthquakes materials, they find that
the inner core of the earth rotate faster than the hard shells of
the earth.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, there
exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds of nuclear
reactions, these high-temperature plasmas will rotate when
nuclear reactions continue to work; and the rotation of these
high-temperature plasmas enable the whole earth which include the
hard shells of the earth rotate. These rotations are the axial
rotation of the earth. Certainly the rotational speed of these
high-temperature plasmas are faster than that of the hard shells
of the earth.
Because there exist a high-temperature liquid layer between
inner core nuclear reactions and hard shells of the earth, so, I
think that Xiao-Dong Song and Paul Richards only find that this
high temperature liquid layer of the earth rotate faster than
hard shells of the earth, it is obvious that there need more
experimental results to confirm. I think that the inner core
nuclear reactions of the earth rotate much faster than that of expected.
8.21 On there exist a lot of hydrogen in inner core of the earth.
The seismic experiments confirm that there exist a lot of
light elements between innercore and hard shells of the earth
except high-temperature liquid Fe.
In 1997, David Stevenson of Caltech proposed that hydrogen
could be substantial components of the core.
Scientist Takuo Okuchi of the Tokyo Institute of Technology
published a paper in science (vol. 278 Dec.5, 1997), in this
paper, Takuo Okuchi thinks that hydrogen could be the most common
light element present in the core of the earth, with the core of
the earth containing 95% of the earth hydrogen.
The velocity of sound waves traveling through the core of the
earth reveals that area between the inner and outer core of the
earth is less dense than pure Iron.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
Tokamak kinds nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth like
figure 7-1, there exist high-temperature plasmas in these kinds
of nuclear reactions, these high-temperature plasmas are torus
shape and consist of the hydrogen. It is right that there exists
a lot of hydrogen in inner core of the earth, these hydrogen are
not with the Fe, but exist in high-temperature Plasma State alone.
8.22 On earthquakes
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: when hard
shells of the earth are too thicker to be melt and penetrated by
ejection of reactional products of the earth, these ejection of
reactional products will push and compress the plates of the
earth and enable the plates of the earth collide with each other.
The movement and collision of these plates of the earth cause the
earthquakes. It can be expected that some earthquakes are small,
some are very intensive. In final evolutionary stages of the
earth, earthquakes can only be happened in deep of the earth.
8.23 On innermost core of the earth are solid state matters.
The seismic waves reveal that the innermost cores of the
earth are solid state matters.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist
Tokamak kind nuclear reactions in inner core of the earth, these
Tokamak nuclear reactions are torus shape, like figure 7-1. So
the innermost cores of the earth are solid state matters. But
these inner core solid matters are not spherical shape, these
solid matters are connected with the continents of the north pole
and south pole of the earth, in other words, the continents of
north pole and south pole of the earth penetrate through the
center of the earth and are connected with each other.
9.On there exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and South
Pole of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the
galaxies etc.
9.1 On there exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and
South Pole of the Sun.
There exist huge nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun,
these nuclear reactions produce a lot of energy or waves, the
radiation and light of the Sun which we see are only mini-parts
of these energy or waves, then where are these great energy or wave?
At present, scientists think that the nuclear reactions of
the Sun produce a lot of energy, and these energy heat the
materials in inner core of the Sun, and so the temperature and
pressure in inner core of the Sun are very high, this high
pressure in inner core of the Sun balance the gravitational force
of the Sun, so the Sun is stable,i.e.the Sun's energy are used to
defense the gravitational force of the Sun. But this explanation is false.
If we consider an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb, I think
that no one will think that the energy of an atomic bomb or a
hydrogen bomb is just enough to defense the gravitational force
of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb. In facts, the mass of an
atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb are so small that we can omit
their gravitational force. It is obvious that the energy of an
atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb is much much greater than that of
their gravitational force. When we consider the huge nuclear
reactions in inner core of the Sun, the energy which Sun's
nuclear reactions produce are far much greater than that of the
Sun's gravitational force, but surprise, the Sun does not explode, why?
Let us examine an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb, when an
atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb ignite, they do not explode at
once. Contrary, they form a high temperature bright sphere and
then jump up into the sky, and form stable mushroom clouds. In
facts, an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb explodes only after
their nuclear reactional materials are exhausted. If we can add
more nuclear reactional materials to them, these atomic bombs or
hydrogen bombs will continuously stay in the sky and very stable,
and not explode.
If we examine the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima of Japan
in second world war, we will find that it is the shock waves not
the radiation of the atomic bomb that destroy the Hiroshima of
Japan.These shock waves do not spread outside before the
explosions of the atomic bomb, then where are these shock waves?
The figure 9-1 is photo of a Tornado, we all know that there
exist a huge tube in the Tornado. One end of this tube is
connected with a huge black cloud; one end of this tube sometime
touches the ground, sometime draw back from the ground and go
into the black clouds. These huge black clouds are the most
important objects for the Tornadoes, because it is these black
clouds that produce the tubes of the Tornadoes. Form the photos
of the tornadoes taken by satellites, we can see clearly that the
shape of these black clouds are just like the shape of a spiral
galaxy in the universe, this is very important.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The tubes of
the Tornadoes are model wave tubes; the black clouds of the
Tornadoes are wave sources, these wave sources produce a lot of
waves and these waves are changed into the wave tubes of the
Tornadoes.When wave sources of the Tornadoes are exhausted, the
wave tubes of the Tornadoes will draw back from the ground and
back into the clouds and then disappear. In facts, the place
outside of the wave tubes of the Tornadoes is not influenced by
the Tornadoes.
Atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs form mushroom clouds before
their explosions, in the mushroom clouds, there exist vertical
stems, in facts, there exist wave tubes in inner of these
vertical stems. Atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs are great wave
sources, and these wave sources can produce waves continuously,
and these waves are changed into the wave tubes in inner of these
vertical stems of mushroom clouds. These systems of wave tubes
and wave sources are stable before the nuclear reactional
materials of the atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs are exhausted.
When nuclear reactional materials of the atomic bombs or hydrogen
bombs are exhausted, wave tubes will disappear and waves, which
gathered in these systems of wave tubes and wave sources will
spread outside and these will lead to great explosions.
The inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun produce a lot of
waves and these waves are changed into the wave tube of the Sun,
this wave tube is perpendicular to the rotational plane of the
Sun, the direction of this wave tube is same as the axial
rotational axis of the Sun. Because the inner core nuclear
reactions of the Sun can continuously work and these nuclear
reactions produce waves continuously, so this system of wave
source and the wave tube is stable, the Sun is connected with the
Milky Way Galaxy by this wave tube.
9.2 On there exist wave tubes in upper of North Pole and
South Pole of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets,
the galaxies etc.
There exist nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun, the
stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the galaxies etc..
These nuclear reactions are same for all of these heavenly
bodies. So there exist wave tubes in upper of north pole and
south pole of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets,
the galaxies etc.. These wave tubes are perpendicular to the
rotational plane of these heavenly bodies, and the direction of
these wave tubes are same as the axial rotational axes of these
heavenly bodies. The stars, the planets, the Moons of the
planets, the galaxies etc. are connected with the other heavenly
bodies by these wave tubes.
9.3 On there exist wave tubes in upper of north magnetic pole
and south magnetic pole of the electrical coils, and these wave
tubes can be lighted by the electrons.
There exist wave tubes in upper of north magnetic pole and
south magnetic pole of the electric coils. Some of these wave
tubes are very long; Some are very short; they can stretch out to
a few meters or even to a hundred meters. These wave tubes of the
electric coils can be lighted by electrons or other basic
particles of the universe such as the protons, neutrons etc..
In his book¡¶Answers to the Unsolved World
Mysteries¡·,Mr.Wang Jian Cheng introduces a very interesting
experiment: when a electric coil is aligned with the color TV
set, i.e., the north magnetic pole or south magnetic pole of the
electric coil is perpendicular to the screen of the color TV set,
there exist a cylindrical light in the north magnetic pole or the
south magnetic pole of the electric coil, this experiment
confirms that the electrons from the color TV sets are captured
by electric coil's wave tubes, the electrons move along the wave
tubes so that it looks like that the wave tube of the electric
coil are lighted by electrons.
In Transformers of the electricity industry, eddies of the
electric current in electrical coils of Transformers are very
troublesome because they cause the losses of the electricity. In
fact, there exist wave tubes along direction of north magnetic
pole and south magnetic pole of the Transformer's electric coils,
These wave tubes across through the center of the electric coils
and extend a very long distance from upper of north magnetic pole
and south magnetic pole of the Transformer's electric coils.
These wave tubes are the eddies of electric current of the
Transformers. We can interestingly observe that electric
engineers use very methods to break up these wave tubes.
9.4 On wave tubes of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the
planets, the galaxies etc. can be lighted by basic particles of
the universe such as electrons, protons, and neutrons etc..
Some basic particles of the universe such as electrons,
protons, neutrons etc. can be captured by wave tubes of these
heavenly body, and enable these wave tubes glow.
9.5 On the aurora of the earth.
It is well known that there exist aurora in North Pole and
South Pole of the earth. At presents, there does not exist an
explanation, which can reasonably explain this phenomenon.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
wave tubes in upper of north pole and south pole of the earth,
direction of this wave tube is as same as the axial rotational
axis of the earth, some basic particles of the universe such as
electrons, protons, neutrons etc. can be captured by this wave
tube, the aurora in north pole and south pole of the earth are
the lighted parts of earth's wave tube. This wave tube of the
earth is circular shape if the whole wave tube can be lighted at
the same time. This wave tube extend a long distance from the
North Pole and South Pole of the earth; one of these wave tubes
is connected with the Sun.
9.6 On there exist aurora in North Pole and South Pole of the Jupiter.
Scientists John T.clarke, Gilda E.Ballester etc.published a
paper Far-Ultraviolet Imaging of the Jupiter's Aurora and The Io
Footprint in Science (Vol.274 October 18,1996). Figure 9-2 is
from this paper.
From figure 9-2,we can see clearly that there exist aurora in
North Pole and South Pole of the Jupiter.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: There exist
wave tubes in upper of north pole and south pole of the Jupiter,
the direction of this wave tube of Jupiter is the same as the
axial rotational axis of the Jupiter.
The aurora of North Pole and South Pole of the Jupiter is the
lighted parts of wave tubes of the Jupiter. We can see clearly
that the shape of this aurora is circular or elliptical shape.
These wave tubes extend a long distance from the North Pole and
South Pole of the Jupiter, one of these wave tubes is connected
with the Sun.
The Moon of the Jupiter Io has aurora too, this aurora are
the lighted parts of the wave tubes of the Io, one of these wave
tubes is connected with the wave tube of the Jupiter. These
connected wave tubes can be detected by telescope, it is very
important for us to detect this event.
9.7 On there exist auroras in the Moons of the Jupiter:
Europa and Ganymede.
Scientists D.T. Hall etc. published a paper ¡°The
Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of the Europa and Ganymede¡±in The
Astrophysical Journal (May 20,1998). In this paper, they find
that there exist aurora in North Pole and South Pole of the
Europa and Ganymede. In facts, these aurora are the lighted parts
of wave tubes of the Europa and Ganymede, these wave tubes of the
Europa and Ganymede extend a long distance from the north pole
and south pole of the Europa and Ganymede, and one of these wave
tubes is connected with the Jupiter.
9.8 On there exist aurora in North Pole and South Pole of the Saturn.
Figure 9-3 is a photo of the Saturn from the ¡°Nature¡±
(published in January 15,1998,Page 216), this photo is taken by
Hubble Space Telescope. We can see clearly that there exist
aurora in North Pole and South Pole of the Saturn. According to
the Unified Theory of the Universe: these aurora of the Saturn
are lighted parts of wave tubes of the Saturn, these wave tubes
extend a long distance from the north pole and south pole of the
Saturn and one of these wave tubes of the Saturn is connected
with the Sun.
9.9 On there exist cylindrical light along the North Pole and
South Pole of the Quasar.
Professor Michael Disney (University of Wales, UK) published
a paper A new look at Quasars in Scientific American (June 1998).
Figure 9-4 is from this paper.
This Quasar is PG 1012+008,is 1.6 billion light years away
from the earth, this photo is taken by Hubble Space Telescope. We
can see clearly that there exist a huge light cylinder across
through the center of this Quasar, and this light cylinder is
perpendicular to the rotational plane of the Quasar.
At present, some scientists think that the Quasar has such a
cylinder light because there exist a huge black hole in inner
core of this Quasar, when matters sucked into this black hole,
the Quasar emits such a cylinder light. But my questions are: why
the Quasar emits a cylindrical light? They can emit other shape
of light. I think that these are not reasonable explanations for
these phenomena.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: there exist
huge nuclear reactions in inner core of this Quasar, these huge
nuclear reactions can produce waves continuously, and these waves
are changed into the wave tube of this Quasar. This wave tube is
perpendicular to the rotational plane of this Quasar; the
direction of this wave tube is the same as that of the axial
rotational axis of the Quasar. Figure 9-4 cylindrical light is
lighted parts of this wave tube of the Quasar, this wave tube is
very stronger and stretch out far away from the north pole and
south pole of the Quasar, this Quasar is connected with the other
heavenly bodies by this wave tube.
I think that this explanation is simple and direct.
10. On Professor Halton Arp (Max - Planck - Institut fur
Astrophysik)'s problems about galaxies, Hydrogen cloud, Quasars,
and other heavenly bodies are aligned along axes.
Professor Halton Arp published a paper ¡°The Origin of
Companion Galaxies¡± in The Astrophysical Journal (Vol.496:
661-669, April 1,1998), he reviews the research about that the
galaxies,hydrogen clouds, Quasars, and other heavenly bodies are
aligned along axes. The phenomena of the galaxies, hydrogen
cloud, Quasars and other heavenly bodies are aligned along axes
was first studied by Holmberg forty years ago, Professor Halton
Arp have studied these problems for 25 years, but there are no
reasonable explanations for these phenomena until now.
Figure 10-1, figure 10-2, figure 10-3, figure 10-4 come from
Professor Halton Arp's this paper.
From figure 10-1, we can see the Local Group and its
companion heavenly bodies, there exist three minus redshift
hydrogen clouds in northwest direction of the M31; there exist
some galaxies, white dwarfs in southeast Minor axis of the M31;
all these hydrogen clouds, spiral galaxies, white dwarfs etc. are
aligned along a axis through the M31.
From figure 10-2, we can see Seyfert galaxy NGC 2639 and its
companion heavenly bodies. In northeast direction of the NGC
2639, there are seven fainter x-ray sources; there exist some
x-ray sources in Southwest direction of the NGC 2639 also. The
strong x-ray source (Z=0.323) is along the northeast direction of
the NGC 2639 but clockwise rotating 18¡ã; the strong x-ray source
(Z=0.305) is aligned along the southwest direction of the NGC
2639 but clockwise rotating 13¡ã.
From figure 10-3, we can see Seyfert I Galaxy NGC 4235 and
its companion heavenly bodies, there exist a BL Lac Body along
the northwest direction of the NGC 4235 with redshift Z=0.136;
there exist a QSO in southeast direction of the NGC 4235 with the
redshift Z=0.334.
From figure 10-4, Professor Halton Arp proposes a model of
the galaxies and its companions, Professor Halton Arp thinks that
these companion heavenly bodies are originally ejected from the
central galaxies, the primitive ejection materials are hydrogen,
these hydrogen clouds evolve into different heavenly bodies at
different time. In facts, Professor Halton Arp observed that some
heavenly bodies could move forward or backward along these axes.
In fact, except for galaxies, some stars can eject the
materials along their rotational axes, which are perpendicular to
the rotational plane of the stars.
Some scientists including Professor Halton Arp try to explain
these phenomena by using Albert Einstein's Gravitational Field
Equation, but they fail to explain why these heavenly bodies are
aligned along axes.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: all heavenly
bodies of the Universe are connected with the other heavenly
bodies by wave tubes. So the central galaxies and their companion
heavenly bodies, which described by Professor Halton Arp as are
aligned along axes, are connected by wave tubes. These wave tubes
are along the direction of their axes,which these heavenly bodies
are aligned along.
There is a method, which can check this conclusion: Wave
tubes have determined rotational direction, so all heavenly
bodies, which are aligned along an axis, should rotate in same direction.
The redshift of these heavenly bodies do not represent the
speed which they go away from us, I will discuss this problem in
other paper.
These galaxies, hydrogen clouds, Quasars and other heavenly
bodies which companion the central galaxies are all ejected from
the central galaxies. The original ejecting materials are
hydrogen clouds. These hydrogen clouds evolve into different
heavenly bodies at different time, these heavenly bodies
certainly can move along the axes. These phenomena are ways which
the universe build the structures of the Universe.
Certainly, wave tubes can be bent or curved, so they need not
locate along a straight line. There should exist a lot of unseen
heavenly bodies along these axes, and the central galaxies are
connected with the other large structures of the universe by wave tubes.
11. On the universal flight
There exist wave tubes in upper of North pole and south pole
of the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the galaxies
etc., these wave tubes have a determined rotational direction
which are same as the axial rotational direction of these
heavenly bodies. Two heavenly bodies which have wave tubes, when
are aligned along a straight line like figure 11-1, will attract
each other when rotational direction of wave tubes of these two
heavenly bodies are the same; will repel one another when
rotational direction of wave tubes of these two heavenly bodies
are opposite.
11.1. On interactions between two electric coils.
There exist wave tubes in upper of north magnetic pole and
south magnetic pole of the electric coils; these wave tubes have
a determined rotational direction. When two electric coils are
aligned like figure 11-1, the two electric coils will attract
each other when rotational direction of these wave tubes of two
electric coils are the same; the two electric coils will repel
one another when rotational direction of wave tubes of these two
electric coils are opposite.
11.2 On the interactions between two Tornadoes.
The Tornadoes are model wave tubes. When two Tornadoes are
aligned like figure 11-1, the two Tornadoes will attract each
other when rotational direction of the wave tubes of these two
Tornadoes are the same; The two Tornadoes will repel each other
when rotational direction of wave tubes of these two Tornadoes
are opposite.
11-3 On interactions between two Tokamak nuclear reactors.
There exist high - temperature plasmas in Tokamak nuclear
reactors. These high - temperature plasmas are torus shape and
will rotate when these tokamak nuclear reactors work. These
nuclear reactions in these Tokamak nuclear reactors will produce
waves continuously and these waves are changed into the wave
tubes of the Tokamak nuclear reactors. The direction of these
wave tubes is perpendicular to the high - temperature plasmas
rotational plane of the Tokamak nuclear reactors. When two
Tokamak nuclear reactors are aligned like figure 11-1, the two
Tokamak nuclear reactors will attract each other when rotational
direction of wave tubes of these two Tokamak nuclear reactors are
the same; the two Tokamak nuclear reactors will repel each other
when rotational direction of the wave tubes of these two Tokamak
nuclear reactors are opposite.
11-4. On the interactions between the earth and the Jupiter.
There exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of the
earth and the Jupiter; there exist wave tubes in upper of the
North Pole and South Pole of the earth and the Jupiter. So the
interactions between the earth and the Jupiter are same as the
interactions between two Tokamak nuclear reactors. When the earth
and the Jupiter are aligned like the figure 11-1, the earth and
the Jupiter will attract each other when the rotational direction
of the wave tubes of the earth and the Jupiter are the same; The
earth and the Jupiter will repel each other when the rotational
direction of the wave tubes of the earth and the Jupiter are opposite.
11.5 On interactions between a Tokamak nuclear reactor and the earth.
There exist Tokamak nuclear reactions in inner core of the
earth. So the interactions between a Tokamak nuclear reactor and
the earth are the same as the interactions between two Tokamaks.
When a Tokamak nuclear reactor and the earth are aligned like the
figure 11-1, the Tokamak nuclear reactor and the earth will
attract each other when rotational direction of wave tubes of the
Tokamak nuclear reactor and the earth are the same; the Tokamak
nuclear reactor and the earth will repel each other when
rotational direction of the wave tubes of the Tokamak nuclear
reactor and the earth are opposite.
11-6 On future's spaceships.
The future's spaceships will be powered by the Tokamak
nuclear reactors and will fly much faster than speed of the light
along the wave tubes, which exist in the universe.
11-7. On UFOs
There are two important phenomena about the UFOs: UFO
spaceships shine and are very bright like the Sun and always
rotate slowly.
>From above two phenomena of the UFOs spaceships, I am determined
that the spaceships of UFOs are powered by the Tokamak nuclear
reactors. The Tokamak nuclear reactors will shine and are very
bright like the Sun (just like an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb)
and will rotate when Tokamak nuclear reactors work in the sky.
12. On the hot big bang cosmological model of the universe
and Black Holes.
Albert Einstein's interests turn to the cosmology when he
finished his General Relativity. He said that no one could come
to the reasonable results of the universe if he does not use the
Special Relativity and General Relativity to describe the
Universe. Albert Einstein comes to a steady static state Universe
when he uses his Special Relativity and General Relativity to
describe the Universe, for this propose, he adds a new term to
his Gravitational Field Equation, this term, which is called the
cosmological constant, is used to defense the attractions of the
gravitational force of the Universe. Albert Einstein points out
that this cosmological constant term originates from the special
characteristics of the structures of the space - time metric. A
Russia mathematician G. A. Friedmann published a paper in 1922,
he pointed out that we will come to a expanding Universe if we do
not add a cosmological constant term to Albert Einstein's
Gravitational Field Equation. But at this time, no one is
interested in expanding Universe. In 1929, the American
astronomer E.P. Hubble published his long time observational
results, he points out that the light of almost every stars and
galaxies etc. of the Universe are redshift. According to the
Doppler effects, these heavenly bodies are going away from us.
Even the leaving speed of these heavenly bodies are not random,
and they simply are proportional to the distances of these
heavenly bodies form us, this is the famous law of Hubble in astronomy.
The every heavenly body of the Universe is going away from
us, so the whole universe is expanding. At this time, Friedmann's
expanding Universe theory becomes the focus of studying of
physicists and astronomers. Albert Einstein is very sorry for
adding a cosmological constant term to his Gravitational Field
Equation. He said that this is the biggest mistake in his life.
Now the Universe is expanding, and is the Universe expanding
in its early evolutionary stage? Is the Universe continuing to
expand forever? At this time, some scientists begin to imagine
that the whole Universe may gather together in its early
evolutionary stages. Some scientists go even farther to assume
that the whole Universe evolves into the present state from a
very dense point, the volume of this point is limitlessly small;
the temperature of this point is limitlessly high. This point
which the volume is limitlessly small and the temperature is
limitlessly high explodes for some special reasons, and then the
whole Universe begins to evolve. Volume of the Universe begins to
increase; the temperature of the Universe begins to decrease. At
this time, the whole Universe is homogeneous. When temperature of
the Universe decreases more lower, there begin to synthesis some
basic particles of the Universe. Due to the fluctuation of the
mean density of the Universe, some basic particles of the
Universe begin to gather together and form clusters,
superclusters, galaxies etc., inner matters of the galaxies begin
to form stars, and finally the earth appears, and then human
beings of the earth appear. These are main ideals of the hot -
big - bang-cosmological model of the Universe. But this model can
not explain why the Universe is homogeneous on large scale,
because the fastest speed of the Universe is the light speed, so
some parts of the Universe are separated by speed of the light,
they can not be the same during the evolution of the Universe.
American physicist Alan Guth of MIT assumes that the Universe has
a rapid expanding period in the early evolutionary stage of the
Universe, i. e., there exist inflation in early evolution of the
universe. So the homogeneous problem has been overcome. The hot
big - bang - cosmological model of the Universe predicts that
there exist background radiation in the Universe which are left
from the early evolution of the Universe, and these predictions
have been confirmed by experi
The hot big bang cosmological model of the Universe predicts
three fates for the Universe: (1) the Universe will expand
forever; (2) the Universe will expand for some time and then
begin to contract, and will end with a great collapse; (3) the
Universe will expand, but the expanding speed become small and
small near to zero, but the Universe can not contract. Which
evolutionary fates of the Universe are determined by mean density
of the Universe. Because we do not know exactly the mean density
of the Universe at present time, so we don't know exact fate of
the Universe at present.
The Black Holes are direct results of the Albert Einstein's
Special Relativity and General Relativity. According to the
General Relativity, the free moving particles will move along the
geodesics in gravitational field. The light travels along the
geodesics of gravitational field also. So light will bend a
little when the light travel near to the Sun. This prediction has
been confirmed by experiments in 1919, this has been proved to be
the greatest victory of Albert Einstein's Special Relativity and
General Relativity. Albert Einstein points out that there do not
exist bodies in the Universe, which can move faster than speed of
the light in his Special Relativity. So there exist a problem,
i.e., there may exist stronger gravitational sources, which the
gravitational force are so strong that the light will bend to the
gravitational sources, i.e., even the light can not escape from
these strong gravitational sources. These kinds of strong
gravitational sources are being called the Black Holes at present
time, the boundary of the Black Holes are being called event
horizon. Now the Black Holes are focus of studying in physics and
astronomy.
At 1970s, Professor Stephen W.Hawking (Cambridge University
of UK) finds that the areas of the event horizon of the Black
Holes can not decrease, even if two Black Holes merger. A Jewish
student Jacob Bekenstein thinks that the areas of event horizon
of the Black Holes are similar to entropy of thermodynamics. In
thermodynamics, the entropy of absolutely isolated systems can
not decrease too. Professor Hawking refuses to accept this
opinion at first, and then he admits that it is right through
carefully calculation. Now the Black Holes have entropy, the
temperature of the Black Holes will be above absolutely zero if
the Black Holes have entropy, the Black Holes will radiate to the
outside if the temperature of the Black Holes are above
absolutely zero. The Black Holes can radiate to the outside, this
ideal is rejected by every scientist, but finally, most of the
scientists accept this ideal, and now the radiation of the Black
Holes is called Hawking's radiation.
There exist contradiction between the hot big bang
cosmological models of the Universe and concept of the Black
Holes. According to estimation of present expects of Black Holes,
there exist a lot of Black Holes in the Universe. If we only
press these Black Holes of the Universe together, they will form
a super giant Black Hole. So the beginning point which the hot
big bang cosmological model of the Universe assume is a super
giant Black Hole, but how does a super giant Black Hole explode?
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the speed of
the light is not the fastest speed of the Universe, there exist a
lot of matters in the Universe, which can move much faster than
the speed of the light. Only nuclear reactions can produce
gravitational force, the matters, which we press together, can
not produce gravitational force. So the Black Holes can not exist
in the Universe.
In the hot big bang cosmological model of the Universe: they
assume that the forming of the galaxies of the Universe are
caused by the fluctuation of the mean density of the Universe. It
seems that the galaxies of the Universe are formed randomly, I
can not accept such an ideal. The redshifts of the light from
other heavenly bodies of the Universe have been explained as the
speed of these heavenly bodies go away from us, this explanation
has been challenged at the present time. I think that it is
incorrect that the Universe is expanding. I will explain the
redshifts of the light in other paper.
The hot big bang cosmological model of the Universe assumes
that there exist a special point in the Universe, which the
volume of this point is limitlessly small and temperature of this
point is limitlessly high. This kind of hypothesis is violating
the basic knowledge of mankind. I do not think that there exist
such kind a point in the Universe. There should exist strictly
material basis in origin of the Universe.
There exist all kinds of the galaxies in the Universe; these
galaxies do not distribute randomly in the universe. These
galaxies form some structures of the Universe and these
structures of the Universe are for some special goals, for
finishing some special tasks of the Universe.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: The Universe is
the same in large scale and in small scale. The origin and
evolution of them obey same laws. In facts, we come to the old
ideal that ¡°The Men are the Universe.¡± This ideal is very
popular in China, some Greek philosophers and western scientists
have this ideal also. We human beings can build great Universal
structures just like the enzyme in the biology, we can control
these great structural machines to combine or separate some parts
of the Universe in the future, but this day will not come in near future.
13.On the age of the earth
Now, let us examine the solar system first: the Sun is a
great fireball, which is very hot and shines at present time. The
Jupiter and extra Jupiter planets of the solar system are
gasballs, certainly I do not think that these heavenly bodies are
made up of gas, they look like the gasballs because their
atmosphere are very thicker. The surface of the Moon of the earth
and Mercury have already become deserts, the atmosphere of these
two heavenly bodies almost disappear completely. From the photos
of the spacecraft Mars Pathfinder, we can see clearly that the
surface of the Mars are deserts, the atmosphere of the Mars are
very thin, there exist only ice caps in north pole and south pole
of the Mars. The earth are crowded with billions of lucky living
things. The planet between the Mars and the Jupiter of the solar
system has already exploded.
The evolutionary speed of the planets, the Moons of the
planets, the Sun of the solar system are determined by the
quantity of hydrogen gas of these heavenly bodies, contrary to
present theory, I think that the large heavenly bodies evolve
slower than small heavenly bodies. We need hydrogen bombs
materials if we want to determine the exact ages of the earth.
But I can make estimation about the ages of the earth through
comparing the different state of heavenly bodies of the solar
system. The earth is not very old through analysising different
facts of heavenly bodies in the solar system.
The astronomers estimate that the Sun is 4.6 billion years
old. This estimation is too large. The astronomers think that the
nuclear reactions in inner core of the Sun produce radiation
only. But according to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the
radiation of the Sun are only mini-parts of the energy produced
by inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun, the most parts of
energy produced by inner core nuclear reactions of the Sun are
changed into the wave tubes of the Sun, and the Sun is connected
with the Milky Way Galaxy by these wave tubes, So the Sun is far
younger than that imagined by astronomers.
The geologists predict that the earth is 4.5 billions years
old. These geologists do not know that there exist nuclear
reactions in inner core of the earth, and the earth and the Sun
are same kinds of heavenly bodies. So they can not predict the
age of the earth correctly. In facts, the earth is far younger
than that of their estimation.
I need not examine the geological records of the earth, I
know that the earth is very young. If we analysis the history of
civilization of human beings in the earth, we can find that
environments and atmosphere of the earth change greatly in near
3,000 years, we can come to the conclusions that the earth can
not be 4.5 billion years old.
I will not discuss the whole history of civilization of the
human beings in the earth; I will only give a simple introduction
to the history of china and European continents.
In China, the main historical evolutionary line is very
clear: (1) In 1,000 years BC, the HuangDi, YanDi, Yao, shun,
Yuxian, Ying (or Shang) Dynasty first appear one after another in
Chinese history, these people live and work in areas which are
near the HuangHe river, important historical events and times of
these events are not very clear at present time, some people
think that these periods are very long, but this can not be true,
because living in great continents, the competition among
different tribes are very very intensive,the evolution of the
civilization are very fast. Tribe, which has some small
progresses in technology or social management, can launch a
violent conquest war. (2) Then the western Zhou, eastern Zhou,
Qing Dynasty, western Han Dynasty appear one after another in
Chinese history, these conquer waves all come from the west parts
of China, i, e., the Shanxi Province of present China. (3) Then
eastern Han Dynasty, three states, Western Jin Dynasty, the
eastern Jin Dynasty, South and North Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang
Dynasty, Five Generations and Ten states, North Song Dynasty,
South Song Dynasty appear one after another in history of China,
these conquer waves all come from north parts and northwest parts
of China, these areas are present Hebei province, Gansu province
and far-parts of the west of China. (4) From AnLushan of Tang
Dynasty challenged the Tang Dynasty, the conquer waves change the
direction, invading waves come from even far-north and northeast
of the China, these period are: Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yun
Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, the Army of Great Marshall
Zhang Zulin, the Army of Marshall Lin Biao all come from the far
north and northeast parts of China, these areas are present
Mongolia, Liaolin, Jinlin, Helongjiang province of China.
Basis of conquest is people and food. If we examine the
present northeast part of China, i.e., Liaolin province, Jilin
province, Helongjiang Province, we will find that these land are
fertile, the products of these land are very richer, these lands
can be called the storehouse of present China£»the quantity of
people of these areas are large, and these people are very high
and healthy. But if we examine the present west, the northwest
parts of China, we will find that these areas are very dry, and
are not fertile, some lands of these areas have already become
deserts, some lands will become deserts in near future, the
quantity of people in these areas are very small. But if we
remember that Qin Shihuang of Qing Dynasty, Sui Wendi¡ªYang Jian
of Sui Dynasty, Tang Gaozu¡ªLi Yuan of Tang Dynasty have launched
great conquer wars to unify the China from these areas£»compare
these conquer waves with conquer war from northeast of China, we
must be determined that the present west, northwest parts of
China must be as fertile and wealth as present Northeast parts of
China in their early history.
If we analysis above facts carefully, we must know that there
happen great environmental changes in history of China in near
3,000 years. We can describe these changes as followings:
If the whole China are covered by snow and ice first, (1)
Then in 1,000 years BC, the snow and ice melt first in areas near
to the Huanghe River, the great forests appear in these areas,
then people appear in this area too. At this time, Only these
parts of China are suitable for human beings live, other parts of
China are covered by snow and ice. (2) With the evolution of
civilization, the snow and ice of west parts of China melt, great
forests appear in this areas, then a lot of peoples appears in
these areas, it is obvious that these parts of areas are more
suitable for human beings to live, and peoples from these areas
conquer the whole China. At this time, rest parts of China are
covered by snow and ice£»(3)With farther evolution of the
civilization, the snow and ice go back to the north of China,
great forests and then large amounts of peoples appear in north
parts and northwest parts of China, and these peoples conquer the
whole China. At this time, far-north and northeast parts of China
are covered by snow and ice£» (4) With even farther evolution of
the civilization, the snow and ice go back to even far north of
China, great forests and large amounts of peoples appear in
far-north parts and northeast parts of China, and these peoples
then conquer the whole China. At this time, the even far North
parts of china¡ªSiberia areas of Russia and Arctic spheres of the
earth are covered by snow and ice£»(5)At present, the snow and
ice go back to Arctic Circle, great forests appear in Siberia
areas of Russia now, I can predict that large amount of peoples
will appear in this area in near future.
In European continents, the first civilizations of human
beings appear around the Mediterranean areas. Because the
influence of the Mediterranean Sea, the Sumer Civilization,
Egyptian Civilization appear first in these areas too.
(1)The ancient Greek civilization can go back to 1,000 BC,
Greek civilization appear in near areas of the Mediterranean sea,
these areas are present Greece, at this time, the Macedonia,
Italy, and Germania areas and other European continents are
covered by snow and ice£»(2)then the situation changed, the snow
and ice go back to the north of European continents, great
forests appear in Macedonian, Italy, France, Spanish, and
Germania areas of European continents, large amounts of peoples
appear in Macedonian,Italy ,Spain,France. Soon the Macedonian
peoples conquer the ancient Greek,the Alexander the Great of the
Macedonian conquers a lot parts of lands in Asia and Africa,at
this time,north parts of European continents are covered by snow
and ice£»(3)Then almost all known European continents are
conquered by Rome people,they build a great country, at this
time, we can see from different references that large amount of
peoples appear in Spain,France,German areas,(4)with farther
evolution of civilization,the snow and ice go even back to north
of European continents,there appear most suitable areas for human
beings to live in German areas, large amount of peoples appear in
these areas. After crisis of third century, terrible events
happened in Germania areas, the migration of German peoples
begins and these migrations of the German peoples destroy the
west Rome Empire.
These events of Migration of German peoples are in same
periods as that of China's South and North Dynasty, in these
periods, China happened great migration of peoples also. These
two historical events happened in same periods, these are not
isolated historic events, these events are the results of long
changes of environments of the earth, and the snow and ice go
back to the north part of the earth.
After great geological finding of Christopher Columbus, the
Spanish Empire, French Emrpire, German Empire, Russia Empire
dominated the European continents one after another, this
direction of power transfer from one country to another country
is same as direction of the snow and ice go back to the north of
the earth from the south of the earth.
The Geologists use millions years, billions years periods to
describe the evolution of the earth and evolutions of the living
things. In fact, the earth and the living things evolve far
faster than that of their imagination. In near 3,000 years, the
snow and ice of the earth go back to the north of the earth form
south of the earth£»and gorillas, which have no knowledge, no
languages, evolve into modern human beings. So I think that we
should use a periods ruler of one year, even one month, one day
to examine the evolution of the earth and living things.
Because geologists think that the earth evolves very slowly,
this ideal hinders our examination of Egyptian civilization and
civilization in south hemisphere of the earth. It is obvious that
the Egyptian peoples should not build temples in center of
deserts, so it must be that these deserts of Egypt are very
suitable for human beings to live in some early time, in other
words, these areas of Egypt have changed into the deserts in very
short time, for example may be just 200 years.
>From the great environmental changes of the earth in near 3,000
years, and different states of planets, the Moons of the planets
of the solar system, I come to the conclusions that: the age of
the earth are not greater than 10,000 years old!
14.On Extraearth living things.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the
evolution of the earth is determined by the inner core nuclear
reactions of the earth, although the radiations of the Sun have
important influence on evolution of the earth. It is obviously
that the living things of the earth are closely related to the
evolution of the earth.
Some scientists think that the temperature of the earth is
determined by the distances between the earth and the Sun, this
is not correct. The Jupiter is far away from the Sun than that of
the earth, but according to the observations of spacecraft
Galileo of USA: the atmospheric temperature of the Jupiter is
greater than 1200K,it is far higher than atmospheric temperature
of the earth. The Jupiter radiates a lot of energy to the out
space than that it absorbs. So the atmospheric temperature of the
planets are mainly determined by the inner core nuclear reactions
of these planets.
The quantities of the atmosphere of the earth are determined
by gravitational force of the earth, which are produced by inner
core nuclear reactions of the earth. So the origin and evolution
of the living things of the earth are mainly determined by the
evolution of the inner core nuclear reactions of the earth, or by
evolution of the earth.
According to the Unified Theory of the Universe: the stars,
the planets, the Moons of the planets, the inner core of the
galaxies etc. are same kinds of heavenly bodies, the origin and
evolution of these heavenly bodies are the same too. So there
will appear living things in a special periods in evolution of
the stars, the planets, the Moons of the planets, the inner core
of the galaxies etc.. So there exist all kinds of living things
in the solar system and in the Universe.
Some living things of the Universe are super than us; some
are lower than us, they have already come to our earth, So the
UFOs are true.
15.Look Forward to the Future and Predictions.
At present time, the Tokamak nuclear reactors are near
ignition temperature in the North American, the European
continents, and in Japan. Certainly, it may even difficult for us
to stop the Tokamak nuclear reactors than to ignite it. But I
think that the most difficult problems of the Tokamak nuclear
reactors will be overcome in 1¡«5 years, then the Tokamak nuclear
reactors will be controlled and used freely.
The above countries have already obtained the manufacture
technology through the car industry; the semiconductor technology
and computer technology has been obtained through personal
computer industry and Internet. The near and far¡ªaway (or Tele)
communication technology have been obtained through personal
telephone usage and man-control spacecraft and no man¡ªcontrol
spacecraft flight.
In this special moment, I will especially mention the Japan.
Japanese people are relatively few and Japanese land are small,
Japan have obtained the Top¡ªclass manufacture technology through
car industry by most strictly restrict the usage life of the car.
Although Japan are defected in great war for dominated position
in semiconductor industry and computer technology by the USA, but
their semi¡ªconductor and computer technology are top-class.
Japan launches a spacecraft in July 1998,this spacecraft will
examine the Mars, and the Japan becomes the third country, which
send spacecraft to other planets in solar system besides the USA
and Russia. All these demonstrate the powerful technology which
they have mastered. Their work sprits are worth studying by every
country and every peoples.
It is obviously that the technology of future's spaceships
will soon be mastered by the human beings in the earth, and we
human beings will come to the historical turn in long history of
the civilization: going into the Universe and leave the earth.
507 years have passed since Christopher Columbus has arrived
at the America form the Europe in 1492, we human beings will
cross mega-empty space and go to everywhere of the Milky Way
Galaxy in 20 years!
Acknowledgment
Thanks are given to my dear friends Dr.Ye Xiaoming, Dr.Yu
Qing, Xu Zhiyong, Vice Professor Wang Yanyong, Vice Professor Wu
Jing, Zhuang Minghua, Zhao Bin, Vice Professor Huang hongbin,
Vice Professor Yuan Li, Du kuanwen, Wang Zhaofa etc., and to my
wife Zhou Xiouhong and to my family.
Reference
(1) Hermann Schlichting, Boundary Layer Theory, Seventh
edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979.
(2) Hans J.Lugt, Vortex Flow in Nature and Technology, John
Wiley & Sons, 1983.
(3) Morris Kline, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern
Time, Oxford University Press, 1972.
(4) Colin A.Ronan, The Cambridge Illustrated History of the
World's Sciences, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
(5) Barry Parker, Einstein's Dream¡ªThe Search for Unified
Theory of the Universe, Plenum Press, 1986.
(6) S.W.Hawking, W.Isreal, Three Hundred Years of
Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
(7) S.W. Hawking, W. Isreal, General Relativity, Cambridge
University Press, 1979.
(8) George O.Abell, Exploration of the Universe,Holt,Rinehart
and Winston, 1975.
(9) Sir William Cecil Dempier, A History of Science and Its
Relations With Philosophy and Religion, Fourth edition, Cambridge
University Press, 1958.
(10) S.W. Hawking, A brief history of time: from the big bang
to black holes, Bantam Books, 1988.
(11) Sir Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy and his System of the World, Cambridge University Press, 1934.
(12) Christian Huygens, Treatise on Light, The University of
Chicago Press, 1945.
(13) Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind, Concerning
Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics, Oxford University Press, 1989.
(14) Alfred Wegener, Die Entstehung Der Kontinente Und
Ozeane,Friedr,Vieweg & Sohn Braunschweig, 1980.
(15) James Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and
Magnetism, Oxford, 1904.
(16) Rene Descartes, The Geometry, Chicago, 1925.
(17) Xenophon, Anabasis, William Heinemann Ltd, 1968.
(18) Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1929.
(19) Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire,
An bridgement by D.M.Low Chatto and Windus, London, 1986.
(20) O.M.Dalton, The History of the Franks by GreGory of
Tours, Oxford At the Clarendon Press, 1927.
(21) Niccolo Machiavelli, History of Florence, from the
earliest times to the death of Lorenzo The Magnificent, The
Colonial Press, New York, 1901.
Except for above books, I refer a lot of other books and
magazines in writing this essay, I introduce some famous
Magazines which I have read: Reviews of Modern physics; physical
Review D; International Journal of Modern Physics A; The
Astronomic Journal; The Astrophysical Journal; The Astrophysical
Journal Letters; Geophysics; Geophysical Research Letters;
Journal of Geophysical Research Part A, Part B, Part C, Part D,
Part E; nature; Seience; Physics Today; Scientific American;
Physics of plasmas; Nuclear Fusion; Plasma Physics and Controlled
Fusion etc..
(a) String (b) system of wave source and wave tube
Figure 4-1 string and system of wave source and wave tube
Figure 4-2 The Moon, the earth and the Sun are connected together
(a) Polar Section (b) Equator's section
(c) Torus shape Tokamak Nuclear Reactor
Figure 7-1 The nuclear reactors in inner core of the stars, the
planet, the Moons
of planets, the galaxies etc.
Figure 7-2 Black spiral arm of spiral galaxies (From Gregory D.Bothun)
Figure 8-1 Brown dwarfs Gliese 229B and star Gliese 229A
(From Alan Boss)
Figure 9-1 Photo of Tornado (from Hans J.Lugt Vortex Flow
in Nature and Technology)
Figure 9-2 Aurora of the Jupiter (from John T. Clarke)
Figure 9-3 Aurora of the Saturn (Taken by Hubble Space Telescope,
from Nature magazine)
Figure 9-4 Quasar PG1012+008 (Taken by Hubble Space Telescope,
from Michael Disney)
Figure 10-1 Some heavenly bodies of the Local Group (from Halton Arp)
Figure 10-2 Seyfert galaxy NGC2639 and its companions (from
Halton Arp)
Figure 10-3 Seyfert I galaxy NGC4235 and its companions (from
Halton Arp)
Figure 10-4 Schematic representation of Quasars and companion galaxies
(from Halton Arp)
Figure 11-1 Two systems of wave source and wave tubes are
aligned alone a line.
String; wave tube, wave source
Moon, earth, Sun,
Torus shape Tokamak nuclear reactor
North Pole, South Pole, Outer shell High-Temperature Liquid Layer
|
Office1000 For all of your office supply needs. |
|
|
If hyperspace navigators get paid by the hour, then what is the pay-scale in a place where time has no meaning?
|
(FROM THE US NAVAL OBSERVATORY) |